Constantine and the legal recognition of Christianity: what changed, and some historical forerunners
Ilaria L.E. Ramelli
Graduate School of Theology at Sacred Heart Major Seminary of the Thomas Aquinas University , United StatesAbstract
Cesarz Konstantyn nie tylko zdecydowanie zniósł skutki senatus consultum z roku 35, zakazującego wyznawania chrześcijaństwa, lecz także przekształcił je w Imperium Rzymskim z illicita superstitio w religio licita. Jednak już przed Konstantynem były takie próby – usiłował to dokonać Galien, jednak tylko z efektem częściowym i czasowym; być może zamierzali uczynić to także Hadrian, Aleksander Sewer i Heliogabal, jednak bez powodzenia. Najbardziej niezwykłą, chociaż problematyczną, relację do chrześcijaństwa miał Tyberiusz. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano źródła oraz znaczenie lekceważonego zazwyczaj senatus consultum z roku 35, które jest potwierdzone nie tylko u Tertuliana, ale także u Porfiriusza i w Aktach Apoloniusza, Senatora i Męczennika.
Keywords:
Constantine, senatus consultum, ChristianityReferences
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Barnes T., Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History, Tübingen 2010
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Barnes T., Legislation against the Christians, JRS 58 (1968) 32-50
Barnes T., The Sources of the Historia Augusta, Bruxelles 1978
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Berchman R.M., Porphyry against the Christians, Leiden 2005
Borgeaud P., Exercices de mythologie, Genève 2004
Cameron A., The Last Pagans of Rome, Oxford 2011
Cassius Dio, Historiae Romanae
Cecchelli C., Un tentato riconoscimento imperiale del Cristo, in: Studi in onore di Aris¬tide Calderini e Roberto Paribeni, vol. 1, Milano 1956
Cockle W. – Cotton H. – Millar F., The Pa¬pyrology of the Roman Near East: A Survey, JRS 85 (1995) 214-235
Dam R. Van, Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge, Cambridge 2011
DePal¬ma Digeser E., Porphyry, Julian, or Hierocles? The Anonymous Hellene in Makarios Magnes’ Apokri¬tikos, JTS 53 (2002) 466-502
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Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, Numa
Macarius Magnes, Apocriticus
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Moses Chorenensis, Historia Armeniae
Mundt F., Die Maske des Christen – Spuren christlicher Literatur in der Historia Augus¬ta, in: Es hat sich viel ereignet, Gutes wie Böses. Lateinische Geschichtsschreibung der Spät- und Nachantike, hrsg. G. Thome – J. Holzhausen – S. Anzinger, München 2001, 37-56
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Origenes, Contra Celsum
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Pausch D., Libellus non tam diserte quam fideliter scrip¬tus: Unreliable Narration in the Historia Augusta, “Ancient Narrative” 8 (2010) 115-135
Polybius, Historiae
Porphyrius, Contra Christianos
Quintilianus, Institutio oratoria
Ramelli I., Abgar Ukkama e Abgar il Grande alla luce di recenti apporti storiografici, “Aevum” 78 (2004) 103-108
Ramelli I., Alcune osservazioni sulle origini del Cristianesimo nelle regioni ad est dell’Eufrate, in: La diffusione dell’ eredità classica nell’età tardoantica e medioevale. Il Romanzo di Alessandro e altri scritti, Atti del Seminario Internazionale di Studi, Roma-Napoli 25-27 settembre 1997, ed. R.B. Finazzi – A. Valvo, Alessandria 1998, 209-225
Ramelli I., Cultura e religione etrusca nel mondo romano. La cultura etrusca alla fine dell’indipendenza, Alessandria 2003
Ramelli I., Edessa e i Romani tra Augus¬to e i Severi: aspetti del regno di Abgar V e di Abgar IX, “Aevum” 73 (1999) 107-143
Ramelli I., I romanzi antichi e il Cristianesimo. Contesto e contatti, Madrid 2001
Ramelli I., Il senatoconsulto del 35 contro i cristiani, “Aevum” 78 (2004) 59-67
Ramelli I., Mosè di Corene e i rapporti Romano-partici. La spedizione di Ventidio, “Hispania Antiqua” 25 (2001) 141-155
Ramelli I., Nuove osservazioni per lo studio del rescritto di Adriano sui Cristiani, “Aevum” 81 (2008) 137-148
Ramelli I., Origen’s Anti-Subordinationism and Its Heritage in the Nicene and Cappado¬cian Line, VigCh 65 (2011) 21-49
Ramelli I.L.E., Philo as Origen’s Declared Model: Allegorical and Historical Exegesis of Scripture, “Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations” 7 (2012) 1-17
Ramelli I., Possible Historical Traces in the Doctrina Addai?, Piscataway 2009
Ramelli I., The Addai-Abgar Nar¬rative: Its Development through Literary Genres and Religious Agendas, in: Early Christian and Jewish Narrative. The Role of Religion in Shaping Narrative Forms, ed. I. Ramelli – J. Perkins, Tübingen 2014
Ramelli I., The Jesus Movement’s Flight to Pella and the ‘Parting of the Ways’, “Augustinianum” 54 (2014) 37-53
Ramelli I., The Possible Origin of the Abgar-Addai Legend: Abgar the Black and Em¬peror Tiberius, “Hugoye” 16 (2013) fasc. 2, 325-341
Ramelli I., Un tributo dei Parti a Roma agli inizi del I sec. a.C.?, “Rendi¬conti dell’Istituto Lombardo, Accademia di Scienze e Lettere” 134 (2000) 321-330
Ratti S., Polémiques entre païens et chrétiens, Paris 2012
Rinaldi G., Ridurre a minoranza. Riflessioni su alcuni percorsi dei pagani nell’impero dei cristiani, in: Cristianesimo e democrazia, ed. G. Otranto, Bari 2011
Rizzi M., Hadrian and the Christians, in: Hadrian and the Christians, ed. M. Rizzi, Berlin 2010
Ryan F.X., Zum Majestätsverbrechen in den Bedürfni¬sanstalten unter Tiberius, “Gerión” 20 (2002)
Sancti Apollonii Romani Acta graeca, ed. in: Sancti Apollonii Romani Acta graeca: ex codice Parisino graeco 1219, AnBol 14 (1895)
Saxer V., Martyrium Apollonii Ro¬mani, “Rendiconti della Pontificia Accademia di Archeologia” 55-56 (1982-1984) 265-298
Schmid W., Bilderlose Kult und christliche Intoleranz. Wesen und Herkunft zweier Nach¬richten bei Aelius Lampridius (Alex. 43, 6f.), in: Mullus. Festschrift Theodor Klauser, hrsg. A. Stu¬iber, Münster 1964, 298-315
Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Vita Alexandri Severi
Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Vita Elagabali
Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Vita Septimii Severi
Sherwin-White A.N., The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again, JTS 3 (1952)
Sordi M., L’apologia del martire Apollonio, “Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia” 18 (1964) 169-188
Sordi M., I cristiani e l’impero romano, Milan 2004
Sordi M., I primi rapporti tra lo Stato romano e il Cristianesimo, “Rendiconti dell’Accademia dei Lincei” 12 (1957) 58-93
Ste Croix G.E.M. de, Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?, “Past and Present” 26 (1963)
Suetonius, De vita Caesarum.Tiberius
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, vol. 11, ed. J.J.E. Hondius, Leiden 1954
Syme R., Ammianus and the Historia Augusta, Oxford 1968
Syme R., Emperors and Biographies, Oxford 1971
Syme R., Historia Augusta Papers, Oxford 1983
Tacitus, Annales, ed. C. Questa – B. Ceva: Publio Cornelio Tacito, Annali, Milan 1990
Talbert R., The Senate of Imperial Rome, Princeton 1984
Tertullianus, Ad nationes
Tertullianus, Apologeticum, ed. M. A. Carpin: Tertulliano, Difesa del Cristianesimo. Apo-logeticum, Rome – Bologna 2008
The Report of Pontius Pilate, in: The Other Gospels: Accounts of Jesus from Outside the New Testament, ed. and transl. B.D. Ehrman – Z. Pleše, Oxford 2014
Thie¬de C.P., Jesus und Tiberius. Zwei Söhne Gottes, München 2004
Várhely S., The Religion of Senators in the Roman Empire. Power and Beyond, Cam¬bridge 2011
Volterra E., Di una decisione del Senato romano ricordata da Tertulliano, in: Scritti in onore di Contardo Ferrini pubblicati in occasione della sua beatificazione, vol. 1, Milano 1947
Wallraff M., Die Lage der Kirche unter Konstantin und seinen Nachfolgern, in: Athanasius- Handbuch, hrsg. P. Gemeinhardt, Tübingen 2011
Wlosok A., Die Rechtsgrundlagen der Christenverfolgungen der ersten zwei Jah¬rhunderte, “Gymnasium” 66 (1959)
Ramelli, I. L. (2014). Constantine and the legal recognition of Christianity: what changed, and some historical forerunners. Vox Patrum, 61, 55–72. https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.3609
Ilaria L.E. Ramelli
Graduate School of Theology at Sacred Heart Major Seminary of the Thomas Aquinas University
Graduate School of Theology at Sacred Heart Major Seminary of the Thomas Aquinas University
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