Constantine’s summus deus and the Nicene unus deus: imperial agenda and ecclesiastical conviction
Tarmo Toom
The Catholic University of America , United StatesAbstract
Cesarz Konstantyn Wielki w zachowanych listach i mowach wielokrotnie odnosił się do Boga. Odniesienia te jednak rzadko przybierały postać rozważań teologicznych na temat Jego istoty; zwykle ograniczały do wykorzystywania pewnych ambiwalentnych Jego tytułów. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano cesarską koncepcję Boga przy pomocy tak zwanej „małej teologii”. Wygląda na to, że konstantyńskie rozumienie Boga rozwinęło się z zamkniętego pogańskiego henoteizmu w zaawansowany chrześcijański monoteizm, mimo że zachowało rys wiary w istnienie wielu postaci Boga. Niejasność kwestii teologicznych służyła ustanowieniu możliwie najszerszego kompromisu teologicznego w Cesarstwie Rzymskim. W tym samym czasie owa zamierzona niejasność wpłynęła na różne sposoby interpretowania konstantyńskich wypowiedzi teologicznych i – być może – w pośredni sposób oddziaływała na trynitne spory w łonie Kościoła. Porównanie konstantyńskiej i nicejskiej koncepcji Boga pokazuje zarówno ważny kompromis, jak i istnienie różnorakich, leżących u jego podstaw czynników.
Keywords:
concept of God, Constantine, letters, speeches, christianity, Nicean creedReferences
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Concilium Nicaenum (325), ed. G. Alberigo, in: Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Generali¬umque Decreta, vol. 1, Turnhout 2007
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Dam R. Van, The Roman Revolution of Constantine, Cambridge 2007
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Eck W., Eine historische Zeitenwende: Kaiser Constantins Hinwendung zum Christentum und die gallischen Bischöfe, in: Konstantin der Große – Kaiser einer Epochenwende, ed. F. Schuller – H. Wolff, Lindenberg 2007
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Edwards M., The Constantinian Circle and the “Oration to the Saints“, in: Apologetics in the Roman Empire, ed. M. Edwards et al., Oxford 1999
Elliott T.G., Con¬stantine’s Preparations for the Council of Nicaea, JRH 17 (1992) 127-137
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Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica, ed. K. Mras, GCS 43/1 (Eusebius Werke 8/1), Berlin 1982, transl. E.H. Gifford: Preparation for the Gospel: Eusebius, Grand Rapids 1981
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Faustinus, Libellus precum, ed. A. Canellis, SCh 504, Paris 2006
Fowden G., Empire to Commonwealth: Conse¬quences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Princeton 1993
Fox R.L., Pagans and Christians, New York 1987
Frede M., Monotheism and Pagan Philosophy in Later Antiquity, in: Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity, ed. P. Athanassiadi – M. Frede, Oxford 1999
Frede M., The Case for Pagan Monotheism in Greek and Greco-Roman Antiquity, in: One God: Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, ed. S. Mitchell – P. van Nuffelen, Cambridge 2010
Giradet M., Der Kaiser und sein Gott: Das Christentum im Denken und in der Religionspolitik Konstantins des Grossen, Millenium-Studien 27, Berlin 2010
Hilary, De Trinitate, PL 10, transl. S. McKenna: Fathers of the Church 25, Washington 1954
Hillar M., From Logos to Trinity: The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian, Cambridge 2012
Lactantius, De mortibus persecutorum, ed. and transl. J.L. Creed, Oxford 1984
Lactantius, Divinae institutiones, ed. S. Brant, CSEL 19, Vienna 1890, transl. A. Bowen – P. Garnsey: Lactantius, Divine Institutes, Translated Texts for Historians 40, Liverpool 2003
Markus R., The End of Ancient Christianity, Cambridge 1990
Mitchell S., Further Thoughts on the Cult of Theos Hypsistos, in: One God: Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, ed. S. Mitchell – P. van Nuffelen, Cambridge 2010
Mitchell S., The Cult of Theos Hypsistos between Pagans, Jews, and Christians, in: Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity, ed. P. Athanassiadi – M. Frede, Oxford 1999
Müller M., Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, London 1898
Norderval Ø., The Emperor Constantine and Arius: Unity in the Church and Unity in the Empire, StTh 42 (1988) 113-150
Nuffelen P. van, Pagan Monotheism as a Religious Phenomenon, in: One God: Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, ed. S. Mitchell – P. van Nuffelen, Cambridge 2010
Odhal Ch.M., Constantine’s Epistle to the Bishops at the Council of Arles: A Defence of Imperial Authorship, JRH 17 (1993) fasc. 3, 274-289
Opitz H.G., Athanasius Werke 3/1: Urkunden zur Geschichte des arianischen Streits 318-328, Berlin 1934
Optatus, Contra Parmenianum Donatistam 5, CSEL 26, ed. C. Ziwsa, Vienna 1893, transl. M. Edwards: Optatus, Against Donatitsts, Translated Texts for Historians 27, Liverpool 1997
Oratio ad sanctorum coetum, ed. I.A. Heikel, GCS 7 (Eusebius Werke 1), Leipzig 1902, transl. M. Ed¬wards: Constantine and Christendom: The Oration to the Saints, The Greek and Latin Accounts of the Discovery of the Cross, The Edict of Constantine to Pope Silvester, Translated Texts for Histo¬rians 39, Liverpool 2003
Origen, Contra Celsum, ed. M. Marcovich, Origenis contra Celsum libri VIII, Leiden 2001, transl. H. Chadwick: Origen, Contra Celsum, Cambridge 1965
Parvis S., Marcellus of Ancyra and the Lost Years of the Arian Contro¬versy 325-345, Oxford Early Christian Studies, Oxford 2006
Plato, Theaetus, transl. H.N. Fowler, LCL 36, Cambridge 1921
Pseudo-Gelasius, HE, ed. G.C. Hansen, GCS NF 9, Berlin 2002
Quintilianus Marcus Fabius, Institutio oratoria, transl. D.A. Russell, LCL 126, Cambridge 2002
Rufinus, HE, ed. E. Schwartz – T. Mommsen, GCS 9/2 (Eusebius Werke 2/2), Berlin 1908, transl. P.R. Amidon: The Church History of Rufinus of Aquilaeia, New York 1997
Schott M., Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity, Divi¬nations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion, Philadelphia 2008
Seeck O., Das sogenannte Edikt von Mainland, ZKG 10 (1891) 381-386
Sextus Empiricus, Adversus mathematicos, transl. R.G. Bury, LCL 291, Cambridge 1935
Stephenson P., Constantine: Roman Emperor, Christian Victor, New York 2009
Tertulian, Ad nationes, CCL 1, ed. J.W.P. Borleffs, Turnhout 1954
The Religious History of the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, Christians, ed. J.A. North – S.R.F. Price, Oxford Readings in Classical Studies, Oxford 2011
Theophilus of Antioch, Ad Autolycum, ed. and transl. R.M. Grant, Oxford Early Christian Monographs, Oxford 1970
Veyne P., When Our World Became Christian 312-394, transl. J. Lloyd, Cambridge 2010
Warpole A.S., Early Latin Hymns, Cambridge 1922
Weiss P., The Vision of Constantine, “Journal of Roman Archeology” 16 (2003) 237-259
Williams J., Religion and Roman Coins, in: A Companion to Roman Religion, ed. J. Rüpke, London 2007
Zosimus, Historia nova, ed. F. Paschoud: Zosime, Historie nouvelle, t. 1: Livres I-II, Paris 1971, transl. R.T. Ridley: New History, Byzantiana Australiensia 1, Sydney 1982
Toom, T. (2014). Constantine’s summus deus and the Nicene unus deus: imperial agenda and ecclesiastical conviction. Vox Patrum, 61, 103–122. https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.3612
Tarmo Toom
The Catholic University of America
The Catholic University of America
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