Chrześcijaństwo w kulturze amerykańskiej
Abstrakt
This paper constitutes out of necessity only a partial/fragmentary analysis of the influence of Christianity on the culture of the United Sates. There is no doubt that the wish to create a truly Christian society which could be a “new Israel” was a strong motive which became the underlying cause for the founding of the USA. The “founding myth” has been reflected not only in the proclaimed constitution with a pioneering principle of separating the state from the religion but also present in everyday life of a rapidly developing nation, continually fuelled by Protestant leaders. The power of the myth was sustained and spontaneously stimulated by the successive waves of European immigrants systematically Americanized by the local population. The inseparable element of American lifestyle is a specific presence of Christianity in the public sphere in the form of civil religion. After the crisis associated with the expansion of secularism (intellectuals’ heresy after the Second World War) there was a great revival of Christianity in the eighties of the previous century. It was influenced by a fervent religious rhetoric of President R. Reagan and by the attack of Protestant conservatives soon allied with conservatism of Catholic writers/publicists. Despite the growing attitudes of religious indifference, political and social life of contemporary America is permeated with religious elements, declaration of faith in God being perceived positively. A marked religious revival although encompassing only some part of the society makes America, in contrast to Europe, a country of a clearly Christian character.
Słowa kluczowe:
chrześcijaństwo, USA, kulturaBibliografia
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Czasopismo
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Czasopismo
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Brooks C., Manza J., A Great Divide? Religion and Political Cleavage in US National Elections, 1972-2000, „Sociological Quaterly” 45(Summer, 2004), s. 421-450.
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Cox J., Secularization and Other Master Narratives of Religion in Modern Europe, „Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte”14(2001), s. 23-34.
Czasopismo
Doak M., The Politics of Radical Orthodoxy: A Catholic Critique, „Theological Studies” 68(2007), s. 368-393.
Domke D., Coe K. (The God Strategy: The Rise of Religious Politics in America, „Journal of Ecumenical Studies” 2007 nr 42(1) [Winter], s. 53-75.
Czasopismo
Drury M. A., Anti-Catholicism in Germany, Britain, and the United States: A Review and Critique of Recent Scholarship, „Church History” 70(2001), s. 98-131.
Duncan H., Secular Humanism. The Most Dangerous Religion in America, Lubbock [TX] 1979.
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Fessenden T., The Nineteenth-Century Bible Wars and the Separation of Church and State, „Church History” 74(2005), s. 784-811.
Finke R., Stark R., The Churching of America, 1776–1990; Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy, New Brunswick [N. J.] 1992.
Elshtain J. B., Faith of Our Fathers and Mothers: Religious Belief and American Democracy, w: Religion in American Public Life: Living with Our Deepest Differences, red. Al-Hibri Azizah, Y. J. B. Elshtain, Ch. C. Haynes, M. M. Marty, New York 2001, s. 39-61.
Ford C., Religion and Popular Culture in Modern Europe, „Journal of Modern History” 65(1993), s. 152-175.
Czasopismo
Franchot J., Roads to Rome, Berkeley 1994.
Gallup G. Jr., Religion in America, 1996, Princeton 1996.
Gallup G., Jr, J. Castelli, The People’s Religion: American Faith in the Nineties, New York 1989.
Geddicks F. M., The Establishment Clause Gag Reflex, „Brigham Young University Law Review” (2004) nr 3, s. 995-1004.
Greeley A. M., Unsecular Man, New York 1972.
Gunn T. J., Religious Freedom and Laicite. A Comparison of the United States and France, „Brigham Young University Law Review” 2004 nr 2, s. 419-505.
Halik T., Wzywany czy nie wzywany Bóg się tutaj zjawi, tłum. A. Babuchowski, Kraków 2006.
Herberg W., Protestant-Catholic-Jew, New York 1960.
Hollinger D. A., Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-Twentieth Century American Intellectual History, Princeton [NJ] 1996.
Hollinger D. J., The „Secularization” Question and the United States in the Twentieth Century, „Church History” 70(2001), s. 132-143.
Hollinger D. A., Why Is There So Much Christianity in the United States? A Reply to Somerville, „Church History” 71(2002), s. 820-847.
Howard T. A., Modern European Historiography Forum. Commentary. A „Religious Turn”in Modern European Historiography?, „Church History” 75(2006), s. 157-162.
Howard T. A., Religion and the Rise of Historicism, Cambridge 2000; D. Van Kley, The Religious Origins of the French Revolution, Yale 1996.
Hudson W. S., American Protestantism, Chicago 1961.
Hunter J. D., Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America, New York 1991.
Huntington S., Who are We? Challenges to American National Identity, New York 2004.
Hutchison W. R., Protestantism as Establishment, w: Between the Times: The Travail of the Protestant Establishment in America 1900-1960, red. Hutchison W. R., Cambridge 1989.
Jeffrey D. L., Civic Religion and the First Amendment, w: One Nation Under God? Religion and American Culture, red. M. Garber, R.L. Walkowitz, New York 1999, s. 21-31.
Johnson P., A History of the American People, New York 1999.
Kao G. Y., Copulsky J. E., The Pledge of Allegiance and the Meanings and Limits of Civil Religion, „Journal of the American Academy of Religion” 2007(March) t. 75 nr 1, s. 121-149.
Czasopismo
Kaufmann F. X., Czy chrześcijaństwo przetrwa?, Kraków 2004.
Kepel G., The Revenge of God: the Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World, University Park [Penn.] 1994.
Kniss F., Listening to the Disfranchised: Toward a Multiparty Conception of American Religion, w: Re-Forming the Center: American Protestantism, 1900 to the Present, red. D. Jacobsen, W. V. T rollinger, Grand Rapids 1998, s. 72-90.
Krukowski J., Kościół i państwo. Podstawy relacji prawnych, Lublin 1993.
Latourette K. S., A History of the Expansion of Christianity, t. 1-7, New York 1937–1945.
Lienesch M., Redeeming America. Piety and Politics in the New Christian Right, Chapel Hill [NC ] 1993.
Lincoln B., Holy Terrors. Thinking About Religions After September 11, Chicago 2002.
Lipset S. M., American Exceptionalism: The Double-Edged Sword, New York 1996.
Loetscher L. A., The Problem of Christian Unity in Early Nineteeth-Century America, „Church History” 32(1963), s. 3-16.
Luckmann T., The Invisible Religion, New York 1967.
M. Gogan, The Decline of Religious Beliefs in Western Europe, „International Social Science Journal” 47(1995), s. 405-418.
Czasopismo
Małajny R. M., Konstytucjonalizacja, zasady rozdziału Kościoła od państwa i jej ewolucja w USA, w: Konstytucja USA 1787–1987. Historia i współczesność, red. H. Gulczyńska, Warszawa 1987.
Manning L., The Law of Church-State Relations, St. Paul 1981.
Mariański J., Sekularyzacja i desekularyzacja w nowoczesnym świecie, Lublin 2006.
Marsden G., The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief, New York 1994.
Martin D., Europa und Amerika. Sakularisierung oder Vervielfaltigung der Christenheit –Zwei Ausnahmen un keine Regel, w: Das Europa der Religionen. Ein Kontinent zwischen Sakularisierung und Fundamentalismus, red. O. K allscheuer, Frankfurtam M. 1996, s. 161-180.
Marty M. E., The One and the Many: America’s Struggle for the Common Good, Cambridge 1997.
McDannel C.l, Material Christianity: Religion and Popular Culture in America, New Haven 1995.
McIntire C. T., Secular Religions and Religious Pluralism in European and North American Societes, „Fides et Historia” 30(1998), s. 32-42.
McIntire C. T., The Shift from Church and State to Religions as Public Life in Modern Europe, „Church History” 71(2002), s. 152-177.
Mead S. E., Denominationalism; the Shape of Protestantism in America, „Church History” 23(1954), s. 291-320.
Mead S. E., The “Nation with the Soul of a Church”„Church History” 36(1967), s. 262-283.
Melton J. G., Encyclopedia of American Religions, Detroit 1996.
Mikat V. P., Das Kirchenpolitische System. Staat und Kirchen in der Bundesrepublik, Berlin-Zurich 1967.
Milbank J., Radical Orthodoxy: A New Theology, red. J. Milbank, C. Pickstock, G. Ward, New York 1999.
Milbank J.,Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason, Malden 1990.
Modern American Protestantism and Its World. Civil Religion, Church and State, red. M.E. Marty, New York 1992.
Moore R. L., Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans, New York 1986.
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Jan Perszon
Ur. 1958 w Wejherowie; dziekan Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. 1990–2000 pracował w Towarzystwie Przyjaciół KUL i reprezentował Rektora KUL w USA i Kanadzie; 2000–2005 proboszcz parafii św. Piotra i Pawła w Pucku, jednocześnie wykładowca misjologii i antropologii kulturowej na KUL (do 2001), a od jesieni 2001 teologii fundamentalnej i religiologii na Wydziale Teologicznym UMK. Opublikował kilka książek i kilkadziesiąt artykułów z zakresu antropologii kulturowej i etnologii religii (kultura religijna Kaszub) oraz eklezjologii, w tym dwie monografie: Na brzegu życia i śmierci. Zwyczaje, obrzędy oraz wierzenia pogrzebowe i zaduszkowe na Kaszubach (1999), Ecclesia semper reformanda? Kolegialność Kościoła w posoborowej eklezjologii amerykańskiej (2009). Jest przewodnikiem Pieszej Pielgrzymki Kaszubskiej z Helu na Jasną Górę.
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