The History of Polyarchion (πολυάρχιον), John Chrysostom’s Illness, and Access to Medicinal Treatments at the End of Late Antiquity
Zofia Rzeźnicka
University of Lodz , Polandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8566-4946
Maciej Kokoszko
University of Łódź , Polandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9563-2902
Abstract
John Chrysostom’s (c. 347‑407) works are valuable for medical historians because they provide us with a first-hand insight into his health problems and the therapies he was treated with. John’s correspondence gives us a unique opportunity to assess the popularity of certain drugs and the availability of healthcare, enabling us to verify the extant medical data. In the present study we will discuss the information on Chrysostom’s illness including his mention of a medicament named polyarchion (πολυάρχιον) which had been sent to the archbishop by Carteria. On the basis of the recipes preserved in medical treatises by Galen as well as other medical data, we will introduce the main properties of the medicine and treatments in which it was administered. Having outlined the scope of its action, and having analysed the symptoms of Chrysostom’s condition described in his correspondence to Olympias, we will establish the nature of the ecclesiastic’s main ailments fully. Finally, we will also conclude on the drug’s availability in the Byzantine world and on the inclusion of drug formulas in early Byzantine medical works.
Keywords:
history of medical literature, history of patristic literature, history of ancient medicine, history of Byzantine medicine, pharmacology, polyarchion, John Chrysostom, Carteria of Antioch, Olympias of ConstantinopleReferences
Aetius Amidenus, Libri medicinales V-VIII, ed. A. Olivieri, CMG VIII 2, Berlin 1950.
Aetius Amidenus, Liber medicinalis IX, ed. S. Zervos, “Athena” 23 (1911) p. 273‑390.
Aetius Amidenus, Liber medicinalis XVI, ed. S. Zervos, Leipzig 1901.
Alexander Trallianus, Therapeutica – Alexander von Tralles, v. 1‑2, ed. T. Puschmann, Wien 1878‑1879.
Caius Plinius Secundus, Naturalis historia libri XXXVII: libri VII-XV, v. 2, ed. K. Mayhoff, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Munich – Leipzig 2002. (Crossref)
Dioscurides, De materia medica – Pedanii Dioscuridis Anazarbei De materia medica, v. 1, ed. M. Wellmann, Berlin 1907.
Edictum Diocletiani de pretiis rerum venalium, v. 1, ed. M. Giacchero, Genova 1974.
Galenus, De compositione medicamentorum per genera, in: Claudii Galeni Opera omnia, v. 13, ed. C.G. Kühn, Leipzig 1827, p. 362‑1058.
Galenus, De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos, in: Claudii Galeni Opera omnia, v. 13, ed. C.G. Kühn, Leipzig 1827, p. 1‑361.
Galenus, De facultatibus naturalibus, tr. A.J. Brock, Galen, On the Natural Faculties, CLC 71, London – New York 1916. (Crossref)
Galenus, De febrium differentiis, in: Claudii Galeni Opera omnia, v. 7, ed. C.G. Kühn, Leipzig 1824, p. 273‑405.
Galenus, De locis affectis V-VI, v. 2, ed. C.W. Brunschön, CMG V 6/1/3, Berlin 2021.
Galenus, De methodo medendi, v. 2, tr. I. Johnson, Galen, Method of Medicine, Books 5‑9, LCL 517, Cambridge – London 2011.
Galenus, De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus, in: Claudii Galeni Opera omnia, v. 11, ed. C.G. Kühn, Leipzig 1826, p. 379‑892.
Joannes Chrysostomus, De Lazaro homiliae 6, PG 48, 1027‑1044.
Joannes Chrysostomus, Epistulae ad Carteriam 18, PG 52, 623.
Joannes Chrysostomus, Epistulae ad Carteriam 34, PG 52, 629‑630.
Joannes Chrysostomus, Epistulae ad Carteriam 227, PG 52, 736.
Joannes Chrysostomus, Epistulae ad Chalcidiam 105, PG 52, 664.
Joannes Chrysostomus, Epistulae ad Theodotum, Nicolaum, Choeream, presbyteros et monachos 146, PG 52, 698‑699.
Joannes Chrysostomus, In epistulam ad Titum homiliae 1, PG 62, 663‑670.
Joannes Chrysostomus, Epistulae ad Olympiadem, tr. A.-M. Malingrey, Jean Chrysostome, Lettres a Olympias, Vie anonyme d’Olympias, SCh 13bis, Paris 1968, p. 105‑389.
Metrodora: De mulierum morbis uteri, ed. G. del Guerra, Metrodora, Medicina e cosmesi ad uso delle donne: la antica sapienza femminile e la cura di sé, Milano 1994.
Nicolaus Myrepsus, Dynameron – Nikolaos Myrepsos’ Dynameron, ed. I. Valiakos, Heidelberg 2020.
Oribasius, Collectionum medicarum reliquiae, libri IX-XVI, ed. J. Raeder, CMG VI 1/2, Leipzig – Berlin 1929.
Oribasius, Synopsis ad Eustathium filium, in: Oribasii Synopsis ad Eustathium, Libri ad Eunapium, ed. J. Raeder, CMG VI 3, Leipzig – Berlin 1926, p. 1‑313.
Palladius, Dialogus de vita Joannis Chrysostomi, v. 1, tr., A.-M. Maligrey, Palladios, Dialogue sur la vie de Jean Chrysostome, SCh 341, Paris 1988.
Paulus Aegineta, Epitome – Paulus Aegineta, Libri I-IV, ed. J.L. Heiberg, CMG IX 1, Leipzig – Berlin 1921; Paulus Aegineta, Libri V-VII, ed. J.L. Heiberg, CMG IX 2, Leipzig – Berlin 1924.
Soranus, Gynaeciorum libri – Sorani Gynaeciorum libri, in: Sorani Gynaeciorum libri IV, De signis fracturarum, De fasciis, Vita Hippocratis secundum Soranum, ed. J. Ilberg, CMG IV, Leipzig – Berlin 1927, p. 3‑152.
Barry J., Bishops in Flight: Exile and Displacement in Late Antiquity, Oakland 2019. (Crossref)
Bralewski S., Empress Eudoxia through the Prism of Fifth Century Ecclesiastical Histories, “Vox Patrum” 75 (2020) p. 43‑65. (Crossref)
Caseau B., Nourritures terrestres, nourritures célestes: La culture alimentaire à Byzance, Paris 2015.
Ceran W., Jan Chryzostom o leczeniu i lekarzach, “Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Historica” 48 (1993) p. 3‑26.
Cook J., “Hear and Shudder!”: John Chrysostom’s Therapy of the Soul, in: Revisioning John Chrysostom: New Approaches, New Perspectives, ed. Ch.L. de Wet – W. Mayer, Critical Approaches to Early Christianity 1, Leiden – Boston 2019, p. 247‑275. (Crossref)
Wet de Ch.L., The Preacher’s Diet: Gluttony, Regimen, and Psycho-Somatic Health in the Thought of John Chrysostom, in: Revisioning John Chrysostom: New Approaches, New Perspectives, ed. Ch.L. de Wet – W. Mayer, Critical Approaches to Early Christianity 1, Leiden – Boston 2019, p. 410‑363. (Crossref)
Delmaire R., Les “lettres d’exil” de Jean Chrysostome: Études de chronologie et de prosopographie, “Recherches Augustiniennes et Patristiques, Recherches augustiniennes” 25 (1991) p. 71‑180. (Crossref)
Delmaire R., Les lettres de Jean Chrysostome: Espérances et désillusions d’un évêque en exil, in: Correspondances. Documents pour l’histoire de l’Antiquité tardive. Actes du colloque international, université Charles-de-Gaulle-Lille 3, 20‑22 novembre 2003, ed. R. Delmaire – J. Desmulliez – P.-L. Gatier, Collection de la Maison de l’Orient méditerranéen 40. Série littéraire et philosophique 13, Lyon 2009, p. 283‑291.
Edwards R., The Gospel of John and Antiochene Christology: The Diverging Paths of Theodore of Mopsuestia and John Chrysostom, “Scottish Journal of Theology” 74 (2021) p. 333‑345. (Crossref)
Edwards R.G.T., Healing Despondency with Biblical Narrative in John Chrysostom’s Letters to Olympias, “Journal of Early Christian Studies” 28/2 (2020) p. 203‑231. (Crossref)
Griffith S.B., Iatros and Medicus: The Physician in Gregory Nazianzen and Augustine, in: Orientalia, Clement, Origen, Athanasius, the Cappadocians, Chrysostom: Papers Presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 2003, ed. F. Young – M.J. Edwards – P.M. Parvis, StPatr 41, Leuven 2006, p. 319‑325.
Grundmann Ch.H., Christ as Physician: The Ancient Christus Medicus Trope and Christian Medical Missions as Imitation of Christ, “Christian Journal for Global Health” 5/3 (2018) p. 3‑11. (Crossref)
Hild F. – Restle M., Tabula Imperii Byzantini, v. 2: Kappadokien, Wien 1981.
Keenan M.E., Augustine and the Medical Profession, “Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association” 67 (1936) p. 168‑190. (Crossref)
Keenan M.E., St. Gregory of Nazianzus and Early Byzantine Medicine, “Bulletin of the History of Medicine” 9/1 (1941) p. 8‑30.
Keenan M.E., St. Gregory of Nyssa and the Medical Profession, “Bulletin of the History of Medicine” 15/2 (1944) p. 150‑161.
Kelly J.N.D., Golden Mouth: The Story of John Chrysostom – Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop, Ithaca – New York 1995.
Keyser P.T., Poluarkhos (30 BCE-35 CE), in: The Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists. The Greek Tradition and its Many Heirs, ed. P.T. Keyser – G. Irby Massie, London – New York 2008, p. 680. (Crossref)
Kochańczyk-Bonińska K., John Chrysostom ‘On the Incomprehensible Nature of God’ – The Simpler Way of Presenting Complex Theological and Philosophical Issues, “Vox Patrum” 85 (2023) p. 91‑104. (Crossref)
Kokoszko M. – Rzeźnicka Z. – Jagusiak K. – Tadajczyk K., Polyarchion (πολυάρχιον) w medycynie antyku i Bizancjum, “Farmacja Polska” 79/12 (2023) p. 757‑765. (Crossref)
Konieczko M. – Uciecha A., The Basis of John Chrysostom’s Teaching on Widowhood, “Vox Patrum” 83 (2022) p. 67‑86. (Crossref)
Liebeschuetz J.H.W.G., Friends and Enemies of John Chrysostom, in: Maistor: Classical, Byzantine and Renaissance Studies for Robert Browning, ed. A. Moffat, Byzantina Australiensia 5, Leiden – Boston 1984, p. 85‑111. (Crossref)
Malingrey A.-M., Introduction, in: Jean Chrysostome, Lettres a Olympias, Vie anonyme d’Olympias, tr. A.-M. Malingrey, SCh 13bis, Paris 1968, p. 11‑69.
Marciniak B.J., Medical Metaphors in Augustine’s Letters, “Vox Patrum” 71 (2019) p. 373‑388. (Crossref)
Martindale J.R., Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, v. 2, Cambridge – London – New York – New Rochelle – Melbourne – Sydney 1980.
Mayer W., Constantinopolitan Women in Chrysostom’s Circle, “Vigiliae Christianae” 53/3 (1999) p. 265‑288. (Crossref)
Mayer W., John Chrysostom and Women Revisited, in: Men and Women in the Early Christian Centuries, ed. W. Mayer – I.J. Elmer, Strathfield, NSW 2014, p. 211‑225.
Mayer W., John Chrysostom as Bishop: The View from Antioch, “Journal of Ecclesiastical History” 55/3 (2004) p. 455‑466. (Crossref)
Mayer W., John Chrysostom: Deconstructing the Construction of an Exile, “Theologische Zeitschrift” 62/2 (2006) p. 248‑258.
Mayer W., Patronage, Pastoral Care and the Role of the Bishop at Antioch, “Vigiliae Christianae” 55/1 (2001) p. 58‑70. (Crossref)
Mayer W., Poverty and Society in the World of John Chrysostom, in: Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity, ed. W. Bowden – A. Gutteridge – C. Machado, Late Antique Archaeology 3/1, Leiden – Boston 2006, p. 465‑484. (Crossref)
Mayer W., The Persistence in Late Antiquity of Medico-Philosophical Psychic Therapy, “Journal of Late Antiquity” 8/2 (2015) p. 337‑351. (Crossref)
Neureiter L., Health and Healing as Recurrent Topics in John Chrysostom’s Correspondence with Olympias, in: Cappadocian Writers, The Second Half of the Fourth Century (Greek Writers): Papers Presented at the Fifteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 2007, ed. J. Baun – A. Cameron – M. Edwards – M. Vinzent, StPatr 47, Leuven 2010, p. 267‑272.
Nutton V., Ancient Medicine, London – New York 2004. (Crossref)
Powell O., Galen’s Medical and Scientific Terminology, in: Galen, On the Properties of Foodstuffs (De alimentorum facultatibus), tr. O. Powell, Cambridge – New York 2003, p. 20‑28. (Crossref)
Rapp C., The Early Patriarchate (325‑726), in: A Companion to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, ed. Ch. Gastgeber – E. Mitsiou – J. Preiser-Kapeller – V. Zervan, Brill’s Companions to the Byzantine World 9, Leiden – Boston 2021, p. 1‑23. (Crossref)
Rotelli F., Trade and Exploration, in: A Cultural History of Plants: In the Post-Classical Era, v. 2, ed. A. Touwaide, London – New York – Oxford – New Delhi – Sydney 2022, p. 59‑77. (Crossref)
Ruge W., Kokusos, in: Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, v. 11/1, Stuttgart 1921, 1065.
Salazar C., Continuity and Innovation in Paul of Aegina’s Chapters on Headaches and Migraines, in: Collecting Recipes: Byzantine and Jewish Pharmacology in Dialogue, ed. L. Lehmhaus – M. Martelli, Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Cultures 4, Berlin – Boston 2017, p. 175‑193. (Crossref)
Schoolman E., Luxury, Vice, and Health: Changing Perspectives on Baths and Bathing in Late Antique Antioch, “Studies in Late Antiquity” 1/3 (2017) p. 225‑253. (Crossref)
Stewart K.A., Galen’s Theory of Black Bile: Hippocratic Tradition, Manipulation, Innovation, Leiden – Boston 2019. (Crossref)
Szczur P., Głód jako problem ekonomiczny i społeczny w świetle nauczania homiletycznego Jana Chryzostoma, “Vox Patrum” 69/38 (2018) p. 595‑610. (Crossref)
Szczur P., Kościół wobec chorych fizycznie i duchowo w świetle wybranych wschodnich tekstów prawnych IV wieku, “Vox Patrum” 78 (2021) p. 183‑206. (Crossref)
Szczur P., Myśl mariologiczna Jana Chryzostoma w świetle In Matthaeum homiliae, “Vox Patrum” 80 (2021) p. 87‑110. (Crossref)
Touwaide A., Medicine and Pharmacy, in: A Companion to Byzantine Science, ed. S. Lazaris, Brill’s Companions to the Byzantine World 6, Leiden – Boston 2020, p. 354‑403. (Crossref)
Eijk van der Ph. – Geller M. – Lehmhaus L. – Martelli M. – Salazar Ch., Canons, Authorities and Medical Practice in the Greek Medical Encyclopaedias of Late Antiquity and in the Talmud, in: Wissen in Bewegung: Institution – Iteration – Transfer, ed. E. Cancik-Kirschbaum – A. Traninger, Episteme in Bewegung: Beiträge zu einer transdisziplinären Wissensgeschichte 1, Wiesbaden 2015, p. 195‑221. (Crossref)
Vazquez S.H. – Gargiulo M.T., La concepción de enfermedad del alma en Evagrio Póntico. Una nueva síntesis y extensión del modelo teleológico de explicación de la medicina hipocrático-galénica, “Vox Patrum” 78 (2021) p. 207‑238. (Crossref)
University of Lodz https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8566-4946
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Papers published in Vox Patrum are covered by the Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) licence. Authors and users can use published works licensed under the CC-BY-ND since 2018. For earlier publications, copyrights are available under fair use rights in accordance with the Act of February 4, 1994 on copyrights and related rights.