The Teaching Function of a Woman in the Statements of John Chrysostom
Piotr Szczur
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II , PolandAbstract
The Church Fathers repeatedly spoke about the function that women should play – especially Christian women – in the communities they lived in. One of the widely discussed problems in ancient times was the question of teaching by women. It was discussed whether women in general can teach, and if so, under what circumstances? In this article I decided to investigate this issue on the basis of selected speeches of John Chrysostom. The first point of the present study notes that in ancient times the public teaching and speaking in general was a manifestation of power. The next two sections present Chrysostom's comments on this topic based on the exegesis of biblical texts 1 Timothy 2:11-15 and Romans 16:3-16. In the final conclusions it should be underlined, that John Chrysostom firmly holds to the teaching of Scripture (especially St. Paul). He makes a distinction between private and public teaching. According to him, women can only lead private teaching activity (especially in the family), but they cannot teach in public, because such teaching is associated with the holding of an ecclesiastical office, reserved for men. A man teaches a woman, not the other way around – this is the standard situation. Reversing these roles was permitted only in exceptional circumstances.
Keywords:
John Chrysostom, women, teaching, power, patristic exegesisReferences
Diogenes Laertius, Vitae philosophorum, ed. H.S. Long, t. 1-2, Oxonii 1964, tłum. I. Krońska: Diogenes Laertios, Żywoty i poglądy słynnych filozofów, Warszawa 1988.
Callicratidas, De domi felicitate, ed. H. Thesleff, w: The Pythagorean Texts of the Hellenistic Period, Acta Academiae Aboensis, ser. A, Humaniora, Åbo 1965, 103-107.
Joannes Chrysostomus, De inani gloria et de educandis liberis, ed. A.-M. Malingrey, SCh 188, Paris 1972, tłum. W. Kania: Św. Jan Chryzostom, O wychowaniu dzieci, w: Św. Jan Chryzostom, Wybór pism, PSP 13, Warszawa 1974, 157-185 oraz w: Św. Jan Chryzostom, O małżeństwie, wychowaniu dzieci i ascezie, BOK 19, Kraków 2000, 73-105.
Joannes Chrysostomus, De virginitate, ed. H. Musurillo, SCh 125, Paris 1966.
Joannes Chrysostomus, Epistulae, ed. A.-M. Malingrey, SCh 13bis, Paris 1968.
Joannes Chrysostomus, In epistulam ad Ephesios hom. 20, PG 62, 135-150, tłum. M. Jurek, w: Św. Jan Chryzostom, O małżeństwie, wychowaniu dzieci i ascezie, BOK 19, Kraków 2002, 47-71.
Joannes Chrysostomus, In epistulam ad Romanos hom., PG 60, 391-682, tłum. W. Sinko: Św. Jan Chryzostom, Homilie na list św. Pawła do Rzymian, oprac. A. Baron, t. 1-2, Kraków 1995-1998.
Joannes Chrysostomus, In epistulam ad Titum hom., PG 62, 663-700, tłum. T. Sinko, w: Św. Jan Złotousty, Homilie na Listy Pasterskie św. Pawła i na List do Filemona (Tym. I, II. Tyt. Filem.), przełożył i wstępem opatrzył T. Sinko, Kraków 1949, 305-366.
Joannes Chrysostomus, In epistulam I ad Timotheum hom., PG 62, 501-600, tłum. T. Sinko, w: Św. Jan Złotousty, Homilie na Listy Pasterskie św. Pawła i na List do Filemona (Tym. I, II. Tyt. Filem.), przełożył i wstępem opatrzył T. Sinko, Kraków 1949, 25-192.
Joannes Chrysostomus, In Genesim hom., PG 53, 21-385 - 54, 385-580.
Joannes Chrysostomus, In Genesim ser., ed. L. Brottier, SCh 433, Paris 1998, tłum. S. Kaczmarek, ŹMT 45, Kraków 2008.
Joannes Chrysostomus, In illud: Salutate Priscillam et Aquilam (Rz 16, 3) ser. 1, PG 51, 187-196.
Joannes Chrysostomus, In Matthaeum hom., PG 57-58, tłum. J. Krystyniacki (homilie 1-40, 61-90), A. Baron (homilie 41-60), w: Św. Jan Chryzostom, Homilie na Ewangelię według św. Mateusza, oprac. A. Baron, t. 1-2, ŹMT 18, 23, Kraków 2000-2001.
Ocellus, De universi natura, ed. H. Thesleff, w: The Pythagorean Texts of the Hellenistic Period, Acta Academiae Aboensis, ser. A, Humaniora, Åbo 1965, 125-138.
Plutarchus, Coniugalia praecepta, ed. G.N. Bernardakis, w: Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, I, Lipsiae 1888, 337-357.
A Patristic Greek Lexicon, ed. G.W.H. Lampe, Oxford 1961.
Balch D., Let Wives Be Submissive. The Domestic Code in I Peter, Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series 26, Chico 1981.
Broc-Schmezer C., Les femmes de la Bible, reflets de l’évolution de Jean Chrysostome: A propos d’un passage du Traité sur la Virginité [XLVI, 2], w: Les Pères de l’Église et les femmes. Actes du Colloque de la Rochelle, 6-7 sept. 2003, éd. P.G. Delage, Rochefort 2003, 150-168.
Budzanowska D., „Coniugalia Praecepta” Plutarcha o życiu żon, "Vox Patrum" 65 (2016) 99-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.3494
Cioffi A., La preghiera nelle omelie di Giovanni Crisostomo sulla 1 Tm, w: Historiam Perscrutari. Miscellanea di studi offerti al. prof. Ottorino Pasquato, a cura di Mario Maritano, Bibioteca di Scienze Religiose 180, Roma 2002, 785-792
Clark E.A., The Virginal „Politeia” and Plat’s „Republic”: John Chrysostom on Women and the Sexual Relation, w: taż, Jerome, Chrysostom and Friends. Essays and Translations, Studies in Women and Religion 1, New York – Toronto 1979, 1-34.
Coquin R.G., Le «bîma» des églises syriennes, „L’Orient Syrien” 10 (1965) 443-474.
Dauvillier J., L’ambon ou bêma dans les textes de l’Église chaldéenne et de l’Église syrienne au Moyen Âge, „Cahiers Archéologiques” 6 (1952) 11-30.
Drączkowski F., Koncepcja wychowania chrześcijańskiego w ujęciu Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego oraz Jana Chryzostoma, "Vox Patrum" 53-54 (2009) 313-327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.4473
Dybała J., Władza męża nad żoną w nauczaniu Jana Chryzostoma, „Piotrkowskie Zeszyty Historyczne” 12 (2011) 4-17.
Grubbs J.E., Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood, London – New York 2002.
Guthrie K.S. – Fideler D., The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library. An Anthology of Ancient Writings Which Relate to Pythagoras and Pythagorean Philosophy, Grand Rapids 1987.
Hansen M.H., Demokracja ateńska w okresie Demostenesa: struktura, zasady i ideologia, tłum. R. Kulesza, Warszawa 1999.
Hawley R., Practicing What You Preach. Plutarch’s Sources and Treatment, w: Plutarch’s Advice to the Bride and Groom, and A Consolation to His Wife, ed. S.B. Pomeroy, New York 1999, 116-127.
Hemelrijk E.A., Matrona Docta. Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna, London – New York 1999.
Jurkiewicz J., „Mater familias” w nauczaniu św. Jana Chryzostoma, "Vox Patrum" 53-54 (2009) 223-231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.4466
Karras V., Male Domination of Woman in the Writings of Saint John Chrysostom, GOTR 36 (1991) 131-139.
Kunst Ch., Eheallianzen und Ehealltag in Rom, w: Frauenwelten in der Antike, Geschlechtsordnung und weibliche Lebenspraxis, hrsg. T. Späth – B. Wagner-Hasel, Stuttgart – Weinmar 2000, 32-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-03779-4_3
LiddellH. G. – Scott R., Greek – English Lexicon, Oxford 1958.
Longosz S., Małżeństwo, rodzina i wychowanie w nauczaniu św. Jana Chryzostoma. Materiały bibliograficzne, "Vox Patrum" 53-54 (2009) 805-812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.4386
Loosley E., The Architecture and Liturgy of the Bema in Fourth To Sixth Century Syrian Churches, Leiden 2003, 20122.
MarshallA.J., Roman Ladies on Trial: The Case of Maesia of Sentinum, „Phoenix” 44 (1990) 46-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1088565
Mayer W., The Homilies of St John Chrysostom: Provenance. Reshaping the Foundations, OCA 273, Rome 2005.
McClure L., Spoken Like a Woman: Speech and Gender in Athenian Drama, Pnnceton 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400832446
O’Collins G. – Farrugia E.G., Leksykon pojęć teologicznych i kościelnych z indeksem angielsko-polskim, tłum. J. Ożóg – B. Żak, Kraków 2002.
Pagels E., The Politics of Paradise: Augustine’s Exegesis of Genesis 1-3 versus that of John Chrysostom, HTR 78 (1985) 67-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000027395
Papageorgiou P., Chrysostom and Augustine on the Sin of Adam and Its Consequences, VTQ 39 (1995) 361-378.
Popowski R., Wielki słownik grecko-polski Nowego Testamentu, Warszawa 1995.
RaaflaubK.U., Aristocracy and Freedom of Speech in the Greco-Roman World, w: Free Speech in Classical Antiquity, ed. I. Sluiter – R.M. Rosen, Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Supplementum 254, Leiden – Boston 2004, 41-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047405689_004
Rist J.M., Stoic Philosophy, Cambridge – London 1969.
Roisman H.M., Women’s Free Speech in Greek Tragedy, w: Free Speech in Classical Antiquity, ed. I. Sluiter – R.M. Rosen, Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Supplementum 254, Leiden – Boston 2004, 91-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047405689_006
Schroeder C.P., The Mystery of Love: Paradigms of Marital Authority and Submission in the Writings of St. John Chrysostom, VTQ 44 (2000) fasc. 2, 143-168.
Słownik grecko-polski, red. Z. Abramowiczówna, t. 1-4, Warszawa 1958-1965.
Strękowski S., Wychowanie dzieci najważniejszym zadaniem rodziców według Jana Chryzostoma, "Vox Patrum" 53-54 (2009) 407-420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.4477
Sztuka świata. Słownik terminów A-K, t. 17, Warszawa 2013.
Taft R.F., Women at Church in Byzantium, DOP 52 (1998) 27-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1291777
Uciecha A., Religijny program wychowania w ujęciu Jana Chryzostoma, "Vox Patrum" 53-54 (2009) 421-432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.4478
Vernant J.-P., The Origins of Greek Thought, New York 1982.
Wasilewski S., Metody wychowawcze św. Jana Chryzostoma, "Vox Patrum" 53-54 (2009) 433-445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.4479
Zmorzanka A., Wychowanie dziewcząt w nauczaniu Jana Chryzostoma, "Vox Patrum" 53-54 (2009) 459-480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/vp.4481
Zyzak W., Parrezja, EK XIV 1374-1375.
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
License
Pursuant to the Act on Copyright and Related Rights of February 4, 1994, the Author of the publication grants the Publisher of the journal "Vox Patrum" a non-exclusive and free license to use the Work submitted for publication for an indefinite period of time on an unlimited territory in the following fields of use:
a. In the field of recording and reproducing the work - producing copies of the work using a specific technique, including printing, reprographic, magnetic recording and digital technology;
b. Within the scope of trading in the original or copies on which the work has been recorded - marketing, lending or renting the original or copies;
c. In the scope of disseminating the work in a manner other than specified in point b - public performance, exhibition, display, reproduction, broadcasting and rebroadcasting, as well as making the work available to the public, so that everyone can have access to it at a place and time chosen by them.
Moreover, the Author allows the Publisher free of charge to use and dispose of the compilations of the Works.
The publisher may grant sub-licenses.
Third parties may use the Works and other materials containing or based on the Works in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (also known as CC-BY-NC 4.0) license pattern.