Divine and Human Spirit in Rom 8:16. Paul and Epictetus on Free Will

Marcin Kowalski

The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin , Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8732-6868


Abstract

The article focuses on the phenomenon of free will in Paul, taking as the starting point Rom. 8:16. At the beginning, a concise exegetical analysis of Rom 8:16 is presented, placed in the rhetorical context of Rom 8. Subsequently, a comparison is drawn between Paul’s and Epictetus’s views on divine and human agency. First, the Epictetus’s idea of freedom is presented with a special emphasis on the notion of proairesis, understood as the true self of a person, responsible for free moral choices and actions. Next, the similarities and differences between the Epictetus’s and Pauline vision of free will are discussed. What connects the apostle and the philosopher are convictions that free will can exist in a divinely determined world and that human volition requires continuous education and subordination to God’s will. The elements that clearly distinguish Paul from Epictetus are the natural image of deity to be imitated in the human pursuit of freedom, and a genuinely relational, corporeal and emotive character of free will in the apostle. The psycho-somatic nature of human personality and will in Paul invites a dialogue between the apostle and modern science but it has to be carried out cautiously, bearing in mind the different methodologies, the idea of transcendent deity and Christological foundation upon which the Pauline idea of freedom and free will is built.

Keywords:

Rom 8:16, divine Spirit, human spirit, Epictetus, proairesis, freedom, free will, determinism

Aletti, J.-N., “The Rhetoric of Romans 5–8,” The Rhetorical Analysis of Scripture. Essays from the 1995 London Conference (eds. S.E. Porter – T.H. Olbricht) ( Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 146; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press 1997) 294–308.

Aletti, J.-N., New Approaches for Interpreting the Letters of Saint Paul. Collected Essays. Rhetoric, Soteriology, Christology and Ecclesiology (Subsidia Biblica 43; Roma: Gregorian & Biblical Press 2012).

Aletti, J.-N., “Romans 5–8. The Arrangement and Its Theological Relevance,” J.-N. Aletti, New Approaches for Interpreting the Letters of Saint Paul. Collected Essays. Rhetoric, Soteriology, Christology and Ecclesiology (Subsidia Biblica 43; Roma: Gregorian & Biblical Press 2012) 61–78.

Aletti, J.-N., “Romans 7:7–25 and Galatians 5:17. Questions and Proposals,” J.-N. Aletti, New Approaches for Interpreting the Letters of Saint Paul. Collected Essays. Rhetoric, Soteriology, Christology and Ecclesiology (Subsidia Biblica 43; Roma: Gregorian & Biblical Press 2012) 79–109.

Aletti, J.-N., “Romans 8. The Incarnation and Its Redemptive Impact,” J.-N. Aletti, New Approaches for Interpreting the Letters of Saint Paul. Collected Essays. Rhetoric, Soteriology, Christology and Ecclesiology (Subsidia Biblica 43; Roma: Gregorian & Biblical Press 2012) 111–138.

Barclay, J.M.G., “By the Grace of God I Am What I Am. Grace and Agency in Philo and Paul,” Divine and

Human Agency in Paul and His Cultural Environment (eds. J.M.G. Barclay – S.J. Gathercole) (London: Clark 2008) 140–157.

Bobzien, S., Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon 2005).

Bonhöffer, A., Epiktet und das Neue Testament (Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten 10; Giessen: Töpelmann 1911).

Bonhöffer, A., „Epiktet und das Neue Testament,” Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche 13 (1912) 281–292. (Crossref)

Burke, T.J., “Adoption and the Spirit in Romans 8,” Evangelical Quarterly 70 (1998) 311–324. (Crossref)

Burke, T.J., Adopted into God’s Family. Exploring a Pauline Metaphor (New Studies in Biblical Theology 22; Nottingham – Downers Grove, IL: Apollos – InterVarsity Press 2006).

Byrne, B., Romans (Sacra Pagina 6; Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press 1996).

Cheung, A.T., Idol Food in Corinth. Jewish Background and Pauline Legacy ( Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 176; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press 1999).

Chow, J.K., Patronage and Power. A Study of Social Networks in Corinth ( Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 75; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press 1992).

Crabbe, K., Luke/Acts and the End of History (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 238; Berlin – Boston: De Gruyter 2019).

Cranfield, C.E.B., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Introduction and Commentary on Romans I–VIII (International Critical Commentary; Edinburgh: Clark 2004).

DiCicco, M.M., Paul’s Use of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in 2 Corinthians 10–13 (Mellen Biblical Press Series 31; Lewiston: Mellen 1995).

Dihle, A., The Theory of Will in Classical Antiquity (Sather Classical Lectures 48; Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 1982). (Crossref)

Dobbin, R., “Prohairesis in Epictetus’,” Ancient Philosophy 11 (1991) 111–135. (Crossref)

Dodson, J.R. – Briones, D.E. (eds.), Paul and Seneca in Dialogue (Ancient Philosophy and Religion 2; Leiden – Boston, MA: Brill 2017). (Crossref)

Dodson, J.R. – Briones, D.E. (eds.), Paul and the Giants of Philosophy. Reading the Apostle in Greco-Roman Context (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic 2019).

Dodson, J.R. – Pitts, A.W. (eds.), Paul and the Greco-Roman Philosophical Tradition (The Library of New Testament Studies 527; London et al.: Bloomsbury 2017). (Crossref)

Dunn, J.D.G., Romans 1–8 (Word Biblical Commentary 38A; Dallas, TX: Word 1988).

Eastman, S.G., Paul and the Person. Reframing Paul’s Anthropology (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 2017).

Ehrensperger, K., “To Eat Or Not to Eat – This Is the Question? Table Disputes in Corinth,” Decisive Meals. Table Politics in Biblical Literature (eds. N. MacDonald – L. Sutter Rehmann – K. Ehrensperger) (Library of New Testament Studies 449; London – New York: Clark 2012).

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “Stoicism in Philippians,” Paul in His Hellenistic Context (ed. T. Engberg-Pedersen) (Minneapolis, MA: Fortress 1995) 256–290.

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “The Hellenistic Offentlichkeit: Philosophy as a Social Force in the Greco-Roman World,” Recruitment, Conquest, and Conflict. Strategies in Judaism, Early Christianity, and the Greco-Roman World (eds. P. Borgen – V.K. Robbins – D.B. Gowler) (Emory Studies in Early Christianity 6; Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press 1998) 15–37.

Engberg-Pedersen, T., Paul and the Stoics (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press 2000).

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “The Reception of Graeco-Roman Culture in the New Testament: The Case of Romans 7.7–25,” The New Testament as Reception (eds. M. Müller – H. Tronier) ( Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 230; London – New York: Sheffield Academic Press 2002) 32–57.

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “The Relationship with Others. Similarities and Differences between Paul and Stoicism,” Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche 96/1–2 (2005) 35–60. (Crossref)

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “Paul’s Stoicizing Politics in Romans 12–13. The Role of 13.1–10 in the Argument,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 29/2 (2006) 163–172. (Crossref)

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “Complete and Incomplete Transformation in Paul. A Philosophical Reading of Paul on Body and Spirit,” Metamorphoses. Resurrection, Body, and Transformative Practices in Early Christianity (eds. T.K. Seim – J. Økland) (Ekstasis 1; Berlin – New York: De Gruyter 2009) 123–146.

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “The Material Spirit. Cosmology and Ethics in Paul,” New Testament Studies 55/2 (2009) 179–197. (Crossref)

Engberg-Pedersen, T., Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul. The Material Spirit (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010). (Crossref)

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “A Stoic Concept of the Person in Paul? From Galatians 5:17 to Romans 7:14–25,” Christian Body, Christian Self. Concepts of Early Christian Personhood (eds. C.K. Rothschild – T.W. Thompson) (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 284; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2011) 85–112.

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “On Comparison. The Stoic Theory of Value in Paul’s Theology and Ethics in Philippians,”Der Philipperbrief des Paulus in der hellenistisch-römischen Welt (eds. J. Frey – B. Schliesser – V. Niederhofer) (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2015) 289–308.

Engberg-Pedersen, T., “Paul in Philippians and Seneca in Epistle 93 on Life after Death and Its Present Implications,” Paul and Seneca in Dialogue (eds. J.R. Dodson – D.E. Briones) (Ancient Philosophy and Religion 2; Leiden – Boston, MA: Brill 2017) 276–284.

Eriksson, A., Traditions as Rhetorical Proof. Pauline Argumentation in 1 Corinthians (Coniectanea Neotestamentica or Coniectanea Biblica: New Testament Series 29; Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1998).

Fee, G.D., God’s Empowering Presence. The Holy Spirit in the Letters of Paul (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson 1994).

Fitzmyer, J.A., Romans. A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (Anchor Bible 33; New York: Doubleday 1993).

Frey, J., “The Notion of ‘Flesh’ in 4QInstruction and the Background of Pauline Usage,” Sapiential, Liturgical and Poetical Texts from Qumran. Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the International Organization for Qumran Studies, Oslo, 1998. Published in Memory of Maurice Baillet (eds. D. Falk – F. García Martínez – E.M. Schuller) (Leiden – Boston, MA: Brill 2000) 197–226. (Crossref)

García Martínez, F. – Tigchelaar, E.J.C. (eds.), The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Translations) (Leiden – New York: Brill 1997).

Garland, D.E., 1 Corinthians (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament; Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic 2003).

Gieniusz, A., Romans 8,18–30. Suffering Does Not Thwart the Future Glory (University of South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism 9; Atlanta, GA: Scholars 1999).

Gieniusz, A., “‘Debtors to the Spirit’ in Romans 8.12? Reasons for the Silence,” New Testament Studies 59/1 (2013) 61–72. (Crossref)

Grappe, C., “Qui me délivrera de ce corps de mort? l’esprit de vie! Romains 7,24 et 8,2 comme éléments de typologie adamique,” Biblica 83/4 (2002) 472–492.

Harris, M.J., The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. A Commentary on the Greek Text (New International Greek Testament Commentary; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 2013).

Herion, G. – Travis, S.H., “Wrath of God,” The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (eds. D.N. Freedman et al.) (New York: Doubleday 1992) 989–998. (Crossref)

Hock, R.F., “Paul and Greco-Roman Education,” Paul in the Greco-Roman World. A Handbook (ed. J.P. Sampley) (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press 2003) 198–227.

Horrell, D.G., The Social Ethos of the Corinthian Correspondence. Interests and Ideology from 1 Corinthians to 1 Clement (Studies of the New Testament and Its World; Edinburgh: Clark 1996).

Horsley, R.A., “Consciousness and Freedom among the Corinthians: 1 Corinthians 8–10,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 40 (1978) 574–589.

Huttunen, N., Paul and Epictetus on Law. A Comparison (The Library of New Testament Studies 405; London: Clark 2009).

Inwood, B., Ethics and Human Action in Early Stoicism (Oxford – New York: Clarendon – Oxford University Press 1985).

Jewett, R. – Kotansky, R.D., Romans. A Commentary on the Book of Romans (Hermeneia; Minneapolis, MN: Fortress 2007).

Kane, R., A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will (Fundamentals of Philosophy Series; New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005).

Keener, C.S., The Mind of the Spirit. Paul’s Approach to Transformed Thinking (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic 2016).

Kleinknecht, H. et al., “ὀργή κτλ.,” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (eds. G. Kittel – G. Friedrich – G.W. Bromiley) (Grand Rapids, MI – London: Eerdmans 1967) V, 382–447.

Knobe, J. – Nichols, S., “Free Will and the Bounds of the Self,” The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, 2 ed. (ed. R. Kane) (Oxford Handbooks; New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012). (Crossref)

Kowalski, M., “The Cognitive Spirit and the Novelty of Paul’s Thought in Rom 8,5–6,” Biblica 100/1 (2020) 47–68.

Kowalski, M., “The Spirit of Resurrection in Romans 8 and Its Jewish Correspondences,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 44/2 (2021) 254–283. (Crossref)

Lagrange, M.-J., Saint Paul. Épître aux Romains (Etudes Bibliques; Paris: Gabalda 1931).

Lenski, R.C.H., The Interpretation of St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans (Columbus, OH: Lutheran Book Concern 1936).

Liddell, H.G. – Scott, R. – Jones, H.S. – McKenzie, R., A Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford – New York: Clarendon – Oxford University Press 1996).

Long, A.A., “Representation and the Self in Stoicism,” A.A. Long, Stoic Studies (Hellenistic Culture and Society 36; Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 2001) 264–285.

Long, A.A., “Soul and Body in Stoicism,” A.A. Long, Stoic Studies (Hellenistic Culture and Society 36; Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 2001) 224–249.

Long, A.A., “The Logical Basis of Stoic Ethics,” A.A. Long, Stoic Studies (Hellenistic Culture and Society 36; Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 2001) 134–155.

Long, A.A., Epictetus. A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life (Oxford – New York: Clarendon 2002). (Crossref)

Longenecker, R.N., The Epistle to the Romans. A Commentary on the Greek Text (New International Greek Testament Commentary; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 2016).

Lyonnet, S., “Rom 8,2–4 a la lumiere de Jeremie 31 et d’Ezechiel 35–39,” Etudes sur l’Epître aux Romains (Analecta Biblica 120; Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico 1990) 231–241.

Malherbe, A.J., “Determinism and Free Will in Paul. The Argument of 1 Corinthians 8 and 9,” Paul in His Hellenistic Context (ed. T. Engberg-Pedersen) (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress 1995) 231–255.

Martin, D.B., Slavery as Salvation. The Metaphor of Slavery in Pauline Christianity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1990). (Crossref)

Martin, R.P., 2 Corinthians (Word Biblical Commentary 40; Waco, TX: Word 1986).

Maston, J., Divine and Human Agency in Second Temple Judaism and Paul. A Comparative Study (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2/297; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2010). (Crossref)

Matand Bulembat, J.-B., Noyau et enjeux de l’eschatologie paulinienne. De l’apocalyptique juive et de l’eschatologie hellénistique dans quelques argumentations de l’apôtre Paul. Étude rhétorico-exégétique de 1 Co 15,35–58; 2 Co 5,1–10 et Rm 8,18–30 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 84; Berlin – New York: De Gruyter 1997).

Mele, A.R., “Free Will and Science,” The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, 2 ed. (ed. R. Kane) (Oxford Handbooks; New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012). DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399691.003.0026. (Crossref)

Mitchell, M.M., Paul and the Rhetoric of Reconciliation. An Exegetical Investigation of the Language and Composition of 1 Corinthians (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox 1993). (Crossref)

Moo, D.J., The Epistle to the Romans (New International Commentary on the New Testament; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 1996).

Morris, L., The Epistle to the Romans (The Pillar New Testament Commentary; Leicester, England – Grand Rapids, MI: Apollos – Eerdmans 1988).

Mounce, R.H., Romans (New American Commentary 27; Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman 1995).

Murphy-O’Connor, J., “Freedom or the Ghetto (1 Cor., VIII, 1–13; X, 23–XI, 1.),” Revue biblique 85 (1978) 543–574.

Murphy-O’Connor, J., Paul a Critical Life (Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press 1997).

Niederwimmer, K., “ἐλεύθερος κτλ.,” Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament (eds. H.R. Balz – G. Schneider) (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 1990) 432–434.

Obeng, E.A., “Abba, Father. The Prayer of the Sons of God,” Expository Times 99/12 (1988) 363–366. (Crossref)

Osborne, G.R., Romans (The IVP New Testament Commentary Series; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press 2004).

Pitts, A.W., “Hellenistic Schools in Jerusalem and Paul’s Rhetorical Education,” Paul’s World (ed. S.E. Porter) (Pauline Studies 4; Leiden – Boston: Brill 2008) 19–50. (Crossref)

Porter, S.E., “Paul of Tarsus and His Letters,” Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period (330 B.C.–A.D. 400) (ed. S.E. Porter) (Leiden: Brill 1997) 533–538.

Rabens, V., The Holy Spirit and Ethics in Paul. Transformation and Empowering for Religious-Ethical Life (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2/283; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2010). (Crossref)

Rastoin, M., Tarse et Jérusalem. La double culture de l’Apôtre Paul en Galates 3,6–4,7 (Analecta Biblica 152; Roma: Pontificio Istituto Biblico 2003).

van Rensburg, J., “The Children of God in Romans 8,” Neotestamentica 15 (1981) 139–179.

Reuter, E., “qnʾ,” Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (eds. G.J. Botterweck – H. Ringgren – H.-J. Fabry) (Grand Rapids, MI – Cambridge, UK: Eerdmans 1991) XIII, 47–58.

Rowe, C.K., One True Life. The Stoics and Early Christians as Rival Traditions (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 2016). (Crossref)

Sanday, W. – Headlam, A.C., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (International Critical Commentary; New York: Scribner 1897).

Sanders, E.P., Paul and Palestinian Judaism. A Comparison of Patterns of Religion (London: SCM 1977).

Schlatter, A., Gottes Gerechtigkeit. Ein Kommentar zum Römerbrief, 3 ed. (Stuttgart: Calwar 1959).

Schlier, H., “ἐλεύθερος κτλ.,” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (eds. G. Kittel – G. Friedrich – G.W. Bromiley) (Grand Rapids, MI – London: Eerdmans 1964) II, 487–502.

Schreiner, T.R., Romans (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament 6; Grand Rapids, MI: Baker 1998).

Schuller, E.M. – Newsom, C.A., The Hodayot (Thanksgiving Psalms). A Study Edition of 1QHa (Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and Its Literature 36; Williston, ND: SBL Press 2012). (Crossref)

Schunck, K.-D., “chēmāh,” Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (eds. G.J. Botterweck – H. Ringgren – H.-J. Fabry) (Grand Rapids, MI – Cambridge, UK: Eerdmans 1977) IV, 462–465.

Sevenster, J.N., Paul and Seneca (Leiden: Brill 1961). (Crossref)

Smit, J.F.M., “1 Cor 8:1–6. A Rhetorical Partitio. A Contribution to the Coherence of 1 Cor 8:1–11:1,”The Corinthian Correspondence (ed. R. Bieringer) (Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 125; Leuven: Leuven University Press – Peeters 1996) 577–591.

Smit, J.F.M., “Do Not Be Idolaters. Paul’s Rhetoric in 1 Cor 10:1–22,” Novum Testamentum 39 (1997) 40–53. (Crossref)

Smit, J.F.M., “The Rhetorical Disposition of First Cor 8:7–9:27,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 59 (1997) 476–491.

Sorabji, R., Emotion and Peace of Mind. From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation (The Gifford Lectures; Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000).

Strathmann, H., “μάρτυς κτλ.,” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (eds. G. Kittel – G. Friedrich – G.W. Bromiley) (Grand Rapids, MI – London: Eerdmans 1967) IV, 474–514.

Talbert, C.H., “Tracing Paul’s Train of Thought in Romans 6–8,” Review & Expositor 100/1 (2003) 53–63. (Crossref)

Tappenden, F.S., Resurrection in Paul. Cognition, Metaphor, and Transformation (Early Christianity and Its Literature 19; Atlanta, GA: SBL Press 2016). (Crossref)

Theissen, G., The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity. Essays on Corinth (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress 1982).

Thiselton, A.C., The First Epistle to the Corinthians. A Commentary on the Greek Text (New International Greek Testament Commentary; Grand Rapids, MI – Carlisle: Eerdmans – Paternoster 2000).

Thorsteinsson, R.M., “Paul and Roman Stoicism. Romans 12 and Contemporary Stoic Ethics,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 29/2 (2006) 139–161. (Crossref)

Thorsteinsson, R.M., Roman Christianity and Roman Stoicism. A Comparative Study of Ancient Morality (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010). (Crossref)

Thrall, M.E., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle of the Corinthians. II. Commentary on II Corinthians VIII–XIII (International Critical Commentary; London – New York: Clark 2004).

van Unnik, W.C., Tarsus or Jerusalem, the City of Paul’s Youth (London: Epworth Press 1962).

Vanni, U., “Due Città nella Formazione di Paolo: Tarso e Gerusalemme,” Atti del I Simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo (ed. L. Padovese) (Turchia. La Chiesa e la Sua Storia 5; Roma: Istituto Francescano di Spiritualià. Pontificio Ateneo Antoniano 1993) 17–29.

Vollenweider, S., Freiheit als neue Schöpfung. Eine Untersuchung zur Eleutheria bei Paulus und in seiner Umwelt (Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments 147; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1989). (Crossref)

Walter, H., “Contributions of Neuroscience to the Free Will Debate,” The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, 2 ed. (ed. R. Kane) (Oxford Handbooks; New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012). DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399691.003.0027. (Crossref)

Winter, E.F. (ed.), Erasmus, Desiderius, and Martin Luther. Discourse on Free Will (London et al.: Bloomsbury 2013).

Wolff, H.W., Anthropology of the Old Testament (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress 1974).

Yates, J.W., III, The Spirit and Creation in Paul (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2/251; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2008).

Download

Published
2022-10-26


Kowalski, M. (2022). Divine and Human Spirit in Rom 8:16. Paul and Epictetus on Free Will. The Biblical Annals, 12(4), 513–543. https://doi.org/10.31743/biban.13786

Marcin Kowalski  xmkowal@kul.pl
The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8732-6868



License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

  1. Pursuant to the Act on Copyright and Related Rights of February 4, 1994, the Author of the publication grants to the Publisher of the journal „The Biblical Annals” e a non-exclusive and royalty-free license to use the Work submitted for publication, without time and territorial restrictions in the following fields of use:
    a) record the Work and copy it by means of any technique (including printing and electronic recording) on all known data carriers (including IT, electronic and polygraphic), and in all IT systems (in particular those available online);
    b) enter the Work into computer memory, disseminate the Work and its copies, as well as market the Work and its copies;
    c) publicly perform, replay, display and screen the Work, as well as lend, rent and lease the Work and its copies;
    d) make available, market and disseminate the Work and its copies via IT networks, and in particular via the Internet, including the promotion or advertising of the Work, the journal or the Publisher.
  2. The Author shall further grant his/her consent for the Publisher to use and dispose of derivative works.
  3. The Publisher may sublicense the work.
  4. Third parties may use the articles and other materials containing the Works, or developed on the basis of the Works in line with the model Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (also referred to as CC BY 4.0).