Zacchaeus’ Encounter with Jesus (Luke 19:1–10): An Embodiment of the Paschal Mystery

Luke Macnamara

St Patrick's Pontifical Univeristy , Ireland
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5028-779X


Abstract

Scholars have overlooked the significance of Zacchaeus’ movements in Luke 19:1–10. They are generally understood as a means of circumventing the crowd, a demonstration of his eagerness, an expression of his desire to see Jesus from a safe distance, or as a humorous scene. However, the captivating details of his ascent and descent from the tree call for a more satisfying explanation. The characterization of the rich toll collector carries pejorative overtones but afterwards he is counted among the lost who are saved. This transformation occurs through his participation in Jesus’ paschal mystery as represented by his climbing and coming down the tree.

Keywords:

Zacchaeus, ἀναβαίνω, καταβαίνω, Sycamore Tree, Paschal Mystery, Chariton



Aletti, J.-N., L’art de raconter Jésus Christ. L’écriture narrative de l’évangile de Luc (Paris: Éditions du Seuil 1989).

Anghelina, C., “Clinging to the Fig Tree: A Note on Od. 12.432–6,” Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 158/1 (2015) 8–15.

Aristophanes, Aristophanis comoedias (ed. T. Berck) (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana; Leipzig: Teubner 1857) I–II.

Aristotle, Ethica Nicomachea (ed. G. Ramsauer) (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana; Leipzig: Teubner 1878).

Aristotle, Physiognomica (ed. W.S. Hett) (Loeb Classical Library 307; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1936). (Crossref)

Arterbury, A.E., “Zacchaeus: ‘A Son of Abraham’?,” Biblical Interpretation in Early Christian Gospels. III. The Gospel of Luke (ed. T. Hatina) (Library of New Testament Studies 376; London – New York: Clark 2010) 18–31.

Blass, F. – Debrunner, A., Grammatica del greco del Nuovo Testamento, 2 ed. (Introduzione alla Studio della Bibbia. Supplementi 2; Brescia: Paideia 1997).

Bovon, F., L’évangile selon St Luc (Commentaire du Nouveau Testament IIIc; Genève: Labor et fides 2001).

Bowie, E., “The Chronology of the Earlier Greek Novels since BE Perry: Revisions and Precisions,” Ancient Narrative 2 (2003) 47–63.

Bremner, J., “Walking, Standing, and Sitting in Ancient Greek Culture,” A Cultural History of Gesture (eds. J. Bremner – H. Roodenburg) (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1991) 15–35.

Broccardo, C., “‘È andato ad alloggiare da un peccatore’ (Luca 19,7). Zaccheo e la prassi problematica di Gesù,” Sul sentiero dei sacramenti. Scritti in onore di E.R. Tura nel suo 70° compleanno (ed. C. Corsato) (Padova: Messaggero di Sant’Antonio 2007) 153–170.

Chambers, K., “‘Knock, Knock—Who’s There?’ Acts 12.6–17 as a Comedy of Errors,” A Feminist Companion to the Acts of the Apostles (eds. A.-J. Levine – M. Blinkenstaff ) (Feminist Companion to the New Testament and Early Christian Writings 9; Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press 2006) 89–97.

Chariton Aphrodisiensis, De Callirhoe narrationes amatoriae (ed. B.P. Reardon) (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana; Berlin – Boston, MA: Teubner 2004). (Crossref)

Cook, J.G., Crucifixion in the Mediterranean World, 2 ed. (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2/327; Tübingen: Mohr – Siebeck 2019).

Cosgrove, C.H., “The Divine Δεῖ in Luke-Acts: Investigations into the Lukan Understanding of God’s Providence,” Novum Testamentum 26/2 (1984) 168–190. (Crossref)

Cyril of Alexandria, Commentarius in Lucam (ed. J.P. Migne) (Patrologia Graeca 72; Paris: Imprimerie Catholique 1864).

De Temmeran, K., “Chariton,” Characterization in Ancient Greek Literature. Studies in Ancient Greek Narrative (eds. K. De Temmerman – E. van Emde Boas) (Mnemosyne Supplements 411; Leiden: Brill 2018) IV, 561–577. (Crossref)

Drury, J., Tradition and Design in Luke’s Gospel (London: Darton, Longm an and Todd 1976).

El Mansy, A., “Levi, Zachäus & Co: Der τελώνης als Stereotyp,” Evangelische Theologie 84/2 (2024) 85–94. (Crossref)

El Mansy, A., Τελῶναι im Neuen Testament. Zwischen sozialer Realität und literarischem Stereotyp (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2024). (Crossref)

Euripides, Bacchae (ed. C.E. Kopff ) (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana; Berlin – Boston, MA: Teubner 1982).

Fitzmyer, J.A., The Gospel according to Luke (Anchor Bible 28; Garden City, NY: Doubleday, York 1981).

Forster, E.S., “Trees and Plants in Homer,” The Classical Review 50/3 (1936) 97–104. (Crossref)

Galen, Galeni De alimentorum facultatibus (ed. G. Helmreich) (Corpus Medicorum Graecorum 5.4.2; Leipzig: Teubner 1923).

Green, J.B., The Gospel of Luke (New International Commentary on the New Testament; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 1997).

Harrill, J.A., “The Dramatic Function of the Running Slave Rhoda (Acts 12.13–16): A Piece of Greco-Roman Comedy,” New Testament Studies 46/1 (2000) 150–157. (Crossref)

Harris, J.R., “On the Stature of our Lord,” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 10/1 (1926) 112–126. (Crossref)

Hernández Lara, C., Estudios sobre el aticismo de Cariton de Afrodisias (Classical and Byzantine Monographs 29; Amsterdam: Hakkert 1994).

Homer, Homeri Odyssea (ed. A. Ludwich) (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana; Stuttgart – Leipzig: Teubner 1889–1891. Rep. 1998) I–II.

Horton, D.J., Death and Resurrection. The Shape and Function of a Literary Motif in the Book of Acts (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers 2009).

Jantsch, T., “Salvation and the Fate of Jesus in Luke-Acts,” Sōtēria: Salvation in Early Christianity and Antiquity. Festschrift in Honour of Cilliers Breytenbach on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday (eds. D. du Toit – C. Gerber – C. Zimmermann) (Leiden: Brill 2019) 209–226. (Crossref)

Jones, C.P., “La personnalité de Chariton,” Le monde du roman grec, Actes du colloque international tenu à l’École normale supérieure (Paris 17–19 décembre 1987) (eds. M.-F. Baslez – P. Hoffmann – M. Trédé) (Paris: l’École normale supérieure 1992) 161–167.

Landi, A., Luca. Introduzione e commento (Commentarii biblici; Brescia: Queriniana 2024).

Laplace, M., “Pour la datation du roman de Chariton: la figure de Démétrios le Cynique, envers du vrai philosophe,” Emerita 79/2 (2011) 341–356. (Crossref)

Levine, A.-J. – Witherington III, B., The Gospel of Luke (New Cambridge Bible Commentary; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2018).

Loewe, W.P., “Towards an Interpretation of Lk 19:1–10,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 36/3 (1974) 321–331.

MacDonald, D.R., “Classical Greek Poetry and the Acts of the Apostles: Imitations of Euripides’ Bacchae,” Christian Origins and Greco-Roman Culture: Social and Literary Contexts for the New Testament (eds. S. Porter – A. Pitts) (Leiden: Brill 2012) 463–496. (Crossref)

MacDonald, D.R., The Gospels and Homer. Imitations of Greek Epic in Mark and Luke-Acts (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield 2014).

Macnamara, L., “Levi’s Call: An Embodiment of the Paschal Mystery,” Biblica 104/1 (2023) 78–92.

Magness, J.L., “Who Cares That it Was a Sycamore? Climbing Trees and Playing on Words in Luke 19.1–10,” Leaven 5/2 (1997) 5–8.

Mills, I.N., “Zacchaeus and the Unripe Figs: A New Argument for the Original Language of Tatian’s Diatessaron,” New Testament Studies 66/2 (2020) 208–227. (Crossref)

Mitchell, A.C., “Zacchaeus Revisited: Luke 19:8 as a Defense,” Biblica 71/2 (1990) 153–176.

Morgan, J.R., “Chariton and Xenophon of Ephesus,” The Oxford Handbook of the Second Sophistic (eds. D.S. Richter – W.A. Johnson) (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017) 389–403. (Crossref)

Muller, D.P., “Helping the Expectant Mother Elizabeth. The Nature and Purpose of Mary’s Journey in Luke 1:39,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 85/2 (2023) 276–296. (Crossref)

O’Hanlon, J., “The Story of Zacchaeus and the Lukan Ethic,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 12/4 (1981) 2–26. (Crossref)

Parsons, M., “‘Short in Stature’: Luke’s Physical Description of Zacchaeus,” New Testament Studies 47/1 (2001) 50–57. (Crossref)

Philo, Philonis Alexandrini opera quae supersunt (ed. L. Cohn) (Berlin – Boston, MA: De Gruyter 1963) V.

Polemon, Physiognomonica (ed. R. Foerster) (Scriptores physiognomonici Graeci et Latini 1; Leipzig: Teubner 1893).

Reardon, B.P., “Chariton,” The Novel in the Ancient World (ed. G.L. Schmeling) (Mnemosyne Supplements 159; Leiden: Brill 1996) 309–335. (Crossref)

Reijners, G.Q., The Terminology of the Holy Cross in Early Christian literature. As Based upon Old Testament Typology (Graecitas Christianorum Primaeva 2; Nijmegen: Dekker & Van de Vegt NV 1965).

Riedo-Emmenegger, C., Prophetisch-messianische Provokateure der Pax-Romana. Jesus von Nazaret und andere Störenfriede im Konflict mit dem Römischen Reich (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2005). (Crossref)

Ruiz-Montero, C., “Aspects of the Vocabulary of Chariton of Aphrodisias,” Classical Quarterly 41/2 (1991) 484–489. (Crossref)

Shiell, W.D., Reading Acts. The Lector and the Early Christian Audience (Biblical Interpretation 70; Leiden: Brill 2004). (Crossref)

Sick, D.H., “Zacchaeus as the Rich Host of Classical Satire,” Biblical Interpretation 24/2 (2016) 229–244. (Crossref)

Solevåg, A.R., “Zacchaeus in the Gospel of Luke: Comic Figure, Sinner, and Included ‘Other’,” Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies 14/2 (2020) 225–240. (Crossref)

Soon, I.T., “The Little Messiah: Jesus as τῇ ἡλικίᾳ μικρός in Luke 19:3,” Journal of Biblical Literature 142/1 (2023) 151–170. (Crossref)

Spencer, P.E., “‘Mad’ Rhoda in Acts 12:12–17: Disciple Exemplar,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 79/2 (2017) 282–298. (Crossref)

Standaert, B., “Luc, maître narrateur de la rencontre,” Raconter, interpréter, annoncer : parcours de Nouveau

Testament: mélanges offerts à Daniel Marguerat pour son 60ème anniversaire (eds. E. Steffek – Y. Bourquin) (Le Monde de la Bible 57; Genève: Labor et fides 2003) 282–295.

Tannehill, R.C., The Narrative Unity of Luke-Acts. A Literary Interpretation. I. The Gospel of Luke (Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press 1986).

Thornton, T.C.G., “Trees, Gibbets, and Crosses,” Journal of Theological Studies 23/1 (1972) 130–131. (Crossref)

Tilg, S., Chariton of Aphrodisias and the Invention of the Greek Love Novel (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010). (Crossref)

Troftgruben, T.M., “Unanswered Invitations to the Way of Jesus: Open-Ended Stories in Luke’s Travel Narrative (Luke 9:51–19:44),” Currents in Theology and Mission 51/4 (2024) 8–13.

Wolter, M., Das Lukasevangelium (Handbuch zum Neuen Testament 5; Tübingen: Mohr – Siebeck 2008).

Download

Published
2025-04-29


Macnamara, L. (2025). Zacchaeus’ Encounter with Jesus (Luke 19:1–10): An Embodiment of the Paschal Mystery. The Biblical Annals, 15(2), 253–272. https://doi.org/10.31743/ba.17947

Luke Macnamara  luke.macnamara@spcm.ie
St Patrick's Pontifical Univeristy https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5028-779X



License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

  1. Pursuant to the Act on Copyright and Related Rights of February 4, 1994, the Author of the publication grants to the Publisher of the journal „The Biblical Annals” e a non-exclusive and royalty-free license to use the Work submitted for publication, without time and territorial restrictions in the following fields of use:
    a) record the Work and copy it by means of any technique (including printing and electronic recording) on all known data carriers (including IT, electronic and polygraphic), and in all IT systems (in particular those available online);
    b) enter the Work into computer memory, disseminate the Work and its copies, as well as market the Work and its copies;
    c) publicly perform, replay, display and screen the Work, as well as lend, rent and lease the Work and its copies;
    d) make available, market and disseminate the Work and its copies via IT networks, and in particular via the Internet, including the promotion or advertising of the Work, the journal or the Publisher.
  2. The Author shall further grant his/her consent for the Publisher to use and dispose of derivative works.
  3. The Publisher may sublicense the work.
  4. Third parties may use the articles and other materials containing the Works, or developed on the basis of the Works in line with the model Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (also referred to as CC BY 4.0).