The Tenth Hour in John 1:39: From Narrative Detail to Eschatological Symbol
Adam Kubiś
The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin , Polandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4961-2254
Abstract
This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the reference to ‘the tenth hour’ in John 1:39, a detail frequently dismissed as minor or incidental. The study identifies three principal interpretative approaches: (1) literary or narrative readings, which view the hour as a marker of eyewitness memory, narrative precision, or structural closure; (2) temporal-pragmatic interpretations, which link the hour to historical chronology, social customs (e.g., hospitality, Sabbath observance), or practical details of the disciples’ encounter with Jesus; and (3) symbolic-theological interpretations, which understand the tenth hour as a signal of eschatological or theological significance. The central argument affirms a dual-layered Johannine narrative strategy: the tenth hour functions both as a literal temporal detail and as a symbolic expression of divine revelation, discipleship, and eschatological fulfilment. Drawing from early Jewish texts – including Testament of Adam, 2 Enoch, and the works of Philo – the article offers a new proposal that situates the tenth hour within broader traditions of visionary ascent, divine encounter, and symbolic numerology. The study concludes that the ‘tenth hour’ is not merely a temporal detail, but a deeply theological marker that inaugurates a new era of divine revelation and discipleship.
Keywords:
Gospel of John, John 1:39, tenth hour, Johannine symbolism, vision of God, 2 Enoch, Targumic tradition, Philo of Alexandria, discipleshipReferences
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The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4961-2254
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