Theology of the Eucharist in Erasmus' and Titelmans' Paraphrase of John 6
Tomasz Karol Mantyk
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu , Polskahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-7079
Abstrakt
This article explores theological differences in biblical paraphrases of Erasmus of Rotterdam and Francis Titelmans. Erasmus’ biblical scholarship included paraphrases of New Testament books; a genre of biblical commentary that he effectively reinvented. His paraphrases were acclaimed by fellow humanists but criticised by many theologians, including Noel Beda. Meanwhile, Beda’s protegee, Francis Titelmans prepared his own paraphrases, borrowing from Erasmus his innovative form, but filling it with conservative content. This article concentrates on their respective paraphrases of John 6. It demonstrates Titelmans’ indebtness to the older humanist in terms of styles and explores theological differences between them. Erasmus departed from the traditional, eucharistic reading of John 6 and emphasised ethical issues. He often described the Lord’s Supper as symbolic and mystical, which entangled him in accusations of sharing eucharistic theology of Swiss reformers. Titelmans, on the other hand, upheld in all aspects traditional, Catholic teaching and read John 6 through a sacramental prism. The analysis of those early 16th century paraphrases sheds light on pre-Tridentine Catholic biblical exegesis and shows methodological developments that came to full fruition after the Council.
Słowa kluczowe:
biblical humanism, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Francis Titelmans, Eucharist, Gospel of JohnBibliografia
Amalou, T., – Vanautgaerden, A. (eds.), Le Nouveau Testament d’Érasme (1516): Regards sur l’Europe des humanistes (Turnhout: Brepols 2020).
Bakker, P.J.J.M. (ed.), The College de Montaigu at the University of Paris: Aspects of Its Institutional and Intellectual History (14th –18th Century) (History of Universities 22/2 [Special Issue]; Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008).
Bedouelle, G., “Attacks on the Biblical Humanism of Jacques Lefevre d’Etaples,” Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus (ed. E. Rummel) (Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition 9; Leiden: Brill 2008) 115– 141.
Bentley, J.H., Humanists and Holy Writ: New Testament Scholarship in the Renaissance (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1983).
Bloemendal, J., “Bibliography of Works on Erasmus’ Paraphrases,” Erasmus Studies 36/2 (2016) 187–194, https://doi.org/10.1163/18749275-03602008.
Bloemendal, J., “Erasmus’ Paraphrases on the New Testament: Introduction,” Erasmus Studies 36/2 (2016): 105–122, https://doi.org/10.1163/18749275-03602003.
Bloemendal, J., “Erasmus and Biblical Scholarship,” A Companion to Erasmus (ed. E. MacPhail) (Renaissance Society of America Texts and Studies Series 20; Leiden: Brill 2023) 68–89.
Burnett, A.N., “The Reformation in Basel,” A Companion to the Swiss Reformation (eds. A.N. Burnett – E. Campi) (Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition 72; Leiden: Brill 2016) 170–215.
Cambier, A., “Pieter Titelmans, groot-inkwisiteur, deken van Ronse in Vlaanderen,” Annalen van de Geschieden oudheidkundige Kring van Ronse en het Tenement van Inde 33 (1984) 19–28.
Campi, E., “Theological Profile,” A Companion to the Swiss Reformation (eds. A.N. Burnett – E. Campi) (Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition 72; Leiden: Brill 2016) 445–488.
Chomarat, J., Grammaire et rhétorique chez Érasme (Les classiques de l’humanisme. Etudes 10; Paris: Les Belles Lettres 1981 ) I.
Chomarat, J., “Grammar and Rhetoric in the Paraphrases of the Gospels by Erasmus,” Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook 1/1 (1981) 30–68.
Christ-von Wedel, C., Erasmus of Rotterdam: Advocate of a New Christianity (Erasmus Studies; Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 2013).
Cottier, J.-F., “ Les Paraphrases d’Erasme, une oeuvre negligee: Bibliographie,” Moreana 39/2 (2002) 39–42.
Cottier, J.-F., “L’Exhortatio ad stvdivm euangelica Lectionis: Erasme Paraphraste et son lecteur,” Moreana 39/2 (2002) 21–38.
Cottier, J.-F., “La theorie du genre de la paraphrase selon Erasme,” Les paraphrases bibliques aux XVIe et XVIIe sičcles: actes du Colloque de Bordeaux des 22, 23 et 24 septembre 2004 (eds. V. Ferrer – A. Mantero) (Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance 415; Geneve: Droz 2006) 45–58.
Cottier, J.-F., “Lucernam accendere in meridie? Du bon usage de la paraphrase biblique selon Erasme,” Infant Milk or Hardy Nourishment? The Bible for Lay People and Theologians in the Early Modern Period (eds. W. Francois – A.A. den Hollander) ( Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 221; Leuven – Paris – Walpole, MA: Peeters 2009) 65–86.
Cottier, J.-F., “Erasmus’s Paraphrases: A ‘New Kind of Commentary’?,” The Unfolding of Words: Commentary in the
Age of Erasmus (ed. J.R. Henderson) (Erasmus Studies; Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 2012) 27–45.
Cottier, J.-F., “Four Paraphrases and a Gospel or How to Rewrite Without Repeating Yourself,” Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook 36/2 (2016) 131–147.
D’Alatri, M., “Francesco Tittelmans o del lavoro manuale,” Santi e santitá nell’Ordine Cappuccino. I. Il Cinque e il Seicento (ed. M. D’Alatri) (Roma: Postulazione General e dei Cappuccini 1980) 7–19.
Dealy, R., The Stoic Origins of Erasmus’ Philosophy of Christ ( Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 2017).
Faber, R., “Erasmus’ Novum Instrumentum (1516): Reforming the Bible into the Bible of the Reformation,” Renaissance und Bibelhumanismus (eds. J.M.J. Lange van Ravenswaay – H.J. Selderhuis) (Refo500 Academic Studies 65; Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2020) 295–312.
Farge, J.K., “Noel Beda and the Defense of the Tradition,” Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus (ed. E. Rummel) (Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition 9; Leiden: Brill 2008) 143–164.
Ferrer, V. – Mantero, A. (eds.), Les paraphrases bibliques aux XVIe et XVIIe sičcles: Actes du Colloque de Bordeaux des 22, 23 et 24 septembre 2004 (Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance 415; Geneve: Droz 2006).
Garcia Pinilla, I., “Reconsidering the Relationship between the Complutensian Polyglot Bible and Erasmus’ Novum Testamentum,” Basel 1516: Erasmus’ Edition of the New Testament (eds. M. Wallraff et al.) (Spatmittelalter, Humanismus, Reformation 91; Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck 2016) 59–77.
Gerace, A., Biblical Scholarship in Louvain in the “Golden” Sixteenth Century (Refo500 Academic Studies 60; Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2019).
Godet, M., La Congregation de Montaigu (1490–1580) (Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honore Champion 1912).
den Haan, A., “Valla’s False Modesty: The Annotationes Novi Testamenti Compared with the Biblical Scholarship of Giannozzo Manetti (1396–1459) and Aurelio Lippi Brandolini (1454?–1497),” Reformation & Renaissance Review 25/2–3 (2023) 119–35, https://doi.org/10.1080/14622459.2023.2286544.
Henderson, J.R., “Editor’s Addendum: Translating an Erasmian Definition of Paraphrase,” The Unfolding of Words: Commentary in the Age of Erasmus (ed. J.R. Henderson) (Erasmus Studies; Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 2012) 47–54.
Henderson, J.R. (ed.), The Unfolding of Words: Commentary in the Age of Erasmus (Erasmus Studies; Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 2012).
Hoffmann, M., Rhetoric and Theology: The Hermeneutic of Erasmus (Erasmus Studies; Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 1994).
Hughes, P.E., Lefčvre, Pioneer of Ecclesiastical Renewal in France (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 1984). van Poll-van de Lisdonk, M.L., “Erasmus’ Paraphrasis on the Pauline Epistles: Outlines of a Commentary in the Scope of the ASD Edition,” Erasmus Studies 36/2 (2016) 123–130, https://doi.org/10.1163/18749275-03602004
MacCulloch, D., “Mary and Sixteenth-Century Protestants,” Studies in Church History 39 (2004) 191–217.
Mantyk, T.K., “Migracje Słowa Bożego, czyli obrona wartości Wulgaty według Franciszka Titelmansa,” The Biblical Annals 9/3 (2019) 525–546.
Mantyk, T.K., “Translating Romans 5:12 in the Early 16th Century. Franciscus Titelmans’s Polemic against Humanists,” The Biblical Annals 11/2 (2021) 301–326, https://doi.org/10.31743/biban.11297.
Martin, T.J., The Christology of Erasmus: Christ, Humanity, and Peace (Washington , DC: Catholic University of America Press 2024).
Pabel, H.M. – Vessey, M. (eds.), Holy Scripture Speaks: The Production and Reception of Erasmus’ Paraphrases on the New Testament (Erasmus Studies; Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 2002).
Paquay, A., Frans Tittelmans van Hasselt (Franciscus Tittelmanus Hasselensis, december 1502–12 september 1537): Opzoekingen over zijn leven, zijne werken en zijne familie (Hasselt: Ceysens 1906).
Payne, J.B., Erasmus: His Theology of the Sacraments (Richmond, VA: Knox 1970).
Payne, J.B., “The Significance of Lutheranizing Changes in Erasmus’ Interpretation of Paul’s Letters to the Romans and Galatians in his Annotationes (1527) and Paraphrases (1532),” Histoire de l’exégčse au XVIe sičcle: textes du Colloque International tenu ŕ Genčve en 1976 (eds. O. Fatio – P. Fraenkel) ( Etudes de Philologie et d’Histoire 34; Geneve: Droz 1978) 312–330.
Phillips, J.E., “The Gospel, the Clergy, and the Laity in Erasmus’ Paraphrase on the Gospel of John,” Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook 10/1 (1990) 85–100.
Phillips, J.E., “Food and Drink in Erasmus’ Gospel Paraphrases,” Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook 14/1 (1994) 24–45.
Phillips, J.E., “On the Road to Emmaus: Erasmus’ Paraphrase of Luke 24:27,” Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook 22/1 (2002) 68–80.
Phillips, J.E., “Sub evangelistae persona: The Speaking Voice in Erasmus’ Paraphrase on Luke,” Holy Scripture Speaks: The Production and Reception of Erasmus’ Paraphrases on the New Testament (eds. H.M. Pabel – M. Vessey) ( Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 2002) 127–150, https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442675803-010.
Poythress, D., Reformer of Basel: The Life, Thought, and Influence of Johannes Oecolampadius (Grand Rapids, MI: Reformation Heritage Books 2011).
Rabil Jr., A., Erasmus and the New Testament: The Mind of Christian Humanist (San Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press 1972).
Rabil Jr., A., “Erasmus’ Paraphrase of the Gospel of John,” Church History 48/2 (1979) 142–155.
Rabil, A., “Erasmus’ Paraphrases of the New Testament,” Essays on the Works of Erasmus (ed. R.L. DeMolen) (New Haven, CT – London: Yale University Press 1978) 145–161.
del Valle Rodriguez, C., “Antonio Nebrija’s Biblical Scholarship,” Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus (ed. E. Rummel) (Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition 9; Leiden: Brill 2008) 55–72.
Roussel, B., “Exegetical Fictions? Biblical Paraphrases of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” Holy Scripture Speaks: The Production and Reception of Erasmus’ Paraphrases on the New Testament (eds. H.M. Pabel – M. Vessey) (Erasmus Studies; Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 2002) 59–83.
Rummel, E., Erasmus’ Annotations on the New Testament: From Philologist to Theologian ( Toronto – Buffalo – London: University of Toronto Press 1986).
Rummel, E., Erasmus and His Catholic Critics, 2 vols. (Bibliotheca Humanistica et Reformatorica 45; Nieuwkoop: De Graaf 1989).
Rummel, E., “Why Noel Beda Did Not Like Erasmus’ Paraphrases,” Holy Scripture Speaks: The Production and Reception of Erasmus’ Paraphrases on the New Testament (eds. H.M. Pabel – M. Vessey) (Erasmus Studies; Toronto – Buffalo – London University of Toronto Press 2002) 265–278.
Sartori, P., “La controversia neotestamentaria tra Frans Titelmans ed Erasmo da Rotterdam (1527–1530 CA.): Linee di sviluppo e contenuti,” Humanistica Lovaniensia 52 (2003) 77–135.
Sartori, P., “Tracce dell’opera di Jacobus Latomus nel ≪Prologus Apologeticus≫ di Frans Titelmans,” Margarita amicorum. Studi di cultura europea per Agostino Sottili (eds. F. Forner – C.M. Monti – P.G. Schmidt) (Milano: Vita & Pensiero 2005) 1032–1042.
Sartori, P., “‘ sine bibliis coelum caecis aperiunt’: Frans Titelmans e l’eredita spirituale di Jan Standonck,” Universitŕ, umanesimo, Europa. Giornata di studio in ricordo di Agostino Sottili (ed. S. Negruzzo) (Fonti e studi per la storia dell’Universita di Pavia 47; Milano: Cisalpino 2007) 207–267.
Sartori, P., “Frans Titelmans, the Congregation of Montaigu, and Biblical Scholarship,” Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus (ed. E. Rummel) (Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition 9; Leiden: Brill 2008) 215–223.
Schonau, C., Jacques Lefčvre d’Etaples und die Reformation (Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte 91; Gutersloh: Gutersloher 2017).
de Troeyer, B., Bio-bibliographia Franciscana Neerlandica saeculi XVI (Nieuwkoop: B. de Graaf 1969) I.
van de Wiele, J., “De inquisitierechtbank van Pieter Titelmans in de zestiende eeuw in Vlaanderen,” Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden 97/1 (1982) 19–63, https://doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.2288.
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-7079
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
- Zgodnie z ustawą o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r., Autor publikacji udziela Wydawcy czasopisma „The Biblical Annals” niewyłącznej i nieodpłatnej licencji na korzystanie z składanego do publikacji Utworu przez czas nieokreślony na nieograniczonym terytorium na następujących polach eksploatacji:
a) w zakresie utrwalenia Utworu, zwielokrotnienia Utworu dowolną techniką (w tym m.in. drukiem oraz w formie zapisu elektronicznego) na wszelkich znanych nośnikach (w tym m.in. informatycznych, elektronicznych i poligraficznych) oraz we wszelkich systemach informatycznych (szczególnie typu Internet);
b) w zakresie wprowadzenia Utworu do pamięci komputera, rozpowszechniania Utworu i egzemplarzy zwielokrotnienia Utworu, wprowadzenia do obrotu Utworu i egzemplarzy zwielokrotnienia Utworu;
c) w zakresie publicznego wykonania, odtwarzania, wystawiania i wyświetlania Utworu, użyczaniu, najmu i dzierżawy Utworu oraz egzemplarzy zwielokrotnienia Utworu;
d) w zakresie udostępniania, wprowadzanie do obrotu i rozpowszechniania Utworu i egzemplarzy zwielokrotnienia Utworu za pośrednictwem sieci informatycznych, w szczególności typu Internet, w tym promocji lub reklamy Utworu, czasopisma lub Wydawcy. - Ponadto, Autor nieodpłatnie zezwala Wydawcy na korzystanie i rozporządzanie opracowaniami Utworów.
- Wydawca może udzielać sublicencji.
- Osoby trzecie z Utworów oraz z innych materiałów zawierających lub powstałych w oparciu o Utwory mogą korzystać zgodnie ze wzorcem licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 (znanej również jako CC-BY).
