Tax Havens and Their Use by Foreign Corporations Operating in Poland
Marek Pawlak
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II , Polandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5620-370X
Abstract
The phenomenon of tax havens began to take shape at the end of the nineteenth century. The article presents the history of the creation of tax havens, analyzes their definitions and lists published by various sources. Own research of the 200 largest capital companies registered in Poland showed that most of them (58.0%) are controlled by foreign entities and most of these foreign entities (56.0%) are registered in tax havens. The profits generated are mostly transferred abroad – to tax havens (mainly to the Netherlands) – in the form of dividends and to a small extent contribute to the state budget in the form of CIT.
Keywords:
tax havens, multinational corporations, tax avoidanceReferences
Activities of U.S. Multinational Enterprises (2019), Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, EMBARGOED UNTIL RELEASE AT 8:30 A.M. EST, Friday, November 12, 2021, BEA 21-56. Pobrane z: https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-11/omne1121.pdf (21.02.2022).
Akhtar, J., Grondona, V. (2019). Tax Haven Listing in Multiple Hues: Blind, Winking or Conniving?, Research Paper, 94 (April), South Centre. Pobrane z: https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/RP94_Tax-Haven-Listing-in-Multiple-Hues-Blind-Winking-or-Conniving_EN.pdf (17.02.2022).
Bank for International Settlements (2012). Guidelines to the International Locational Banking Statistics. Monetary and Economic Department, May 2012, p. 28. Pobrane z: https://www.bis.org/statistics/locbankstatsguide_old.pdf (17.02.2022).
Blomeyer & Sanz (2013). European Initiatives on Eliminating Tax Havens and Offshore Financial Transactions and the Impact of These Constructions on the Union’s Own Resources and Budget, IP/D/CONT/IC/2012-071 15/04/2013, PE 490.673. Pobrane z: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/490673/IPOL-JOIN_ET%282013%29490673_EN.pdf (17.02.2022).
van Bunge, N. (2017). The Participation Exemption for Dutch Holding Companies, 21 June. Pobrane z: https://www.vistra.com/insights/participation-exemption-dutch-holding-companies (1.06.2022).
Corporate Tax Haven Index (2021). Corporate Tax Haven Index – 2021 Results. Pobrane z: https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/ (2.02.2022).
van Dijk, M., Weyzig, F., Murphy, R. (2006). The Netherlands: A Tax Haven?. Amsterdam: Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen (SOMO) Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations.
Dharmapala, D., Hines, J. (2009). Which Countries Become Tax Havens? Journal of Public Economics, 93(9–10), 1058–1068.
European Council [b.r.]. EU List of Non-Cooperative Jurisdictions for Tax Purposes. Pobrane z: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-list-of-non-cooperative-jurisdictions/ (5.07.2022).
Errico, L., Musalem, A. (1999). Offshore Banking: An Analysis of Micro- and Macro-Prudential Issues, January 1, 1999, Working Paper No. 99/5, January 1. Pobrane z: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/Offshore-Banking-An-Analysis-of-Micro-and-Macro-Prudential-Issues-2867 (21.02.2022).
Gravelle, J. G. (2022). Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion, Congressional Research Service, R40623. Pobrane z: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/download/R/R40623/R40623.pdf/ (21.02.2022).
Hampton, M. P., Christensen, J. (2002). Offshore Pariahs? Small Island Economies, Tax Havens, and the Re-configuration of Global Finance, World Development, 30(9), 1657–1673.
Hines, J. R., Rice, E. M. (1994). Fiscal Paradise: Foreign Tax Havens and American Business. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(1), 149–182.
IDA Ireland [b.r.]. Ireland’s Economy. Pobrane z: https://www.idaireland.com/invest-in-ireland/ireland-corporate-tax (24.05.2022).
International Monetary Fund (2000). Offshore Financial Centers, IMF Background Paper. Prepared by the Monetary and Exchange Affairs Department, June 23, 2000. Pobrane z: https://www.imf.org/external/np/mae/oshore/2000/eng/back.htm#top (8.06.2022).
Interpelacja nr 14857 (2017), w sprawie nowelizacji ustawy dotyczącej podatku CIT. Pobrane z: https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm8.nsf/interpelacja.xsp?typ=INT&nr=14857 (7.11.2022).
Kenton, W. (2020). Ring-Fence: Definition in Finance Accounting and Legality, June 15. Pobrane z: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/ringfence.asp (1.06.2022).
Koutsouva, A. (2020). The European Union’s List of Non-Cooperative Jurisdictions for Tax Purposes, EC Tax Review, 29(4), 178–196.
Murphy, R., Christensen, J., Kimmis, K. (2005). Tax Us If You Can. London:The Tax Justice Network. Pobrane z: http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/tuiyc_-_eng_-_web_file.pdf (18.03.2022).
OECD (1998). Harmful Tax Competition Tax Competition. An Emerging Global Issue. Pobrane z: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/taxation/harmful-tax-competition_9789264162945-en#page1 (18.03.2022).
Offshore Financial Centers (2000). IMF Background Paper, Prepared by the Monetary and Exchange Affairs Department, June 23. Pobrane z: https://www.imf.org/external/np/mae/oshore/2000/eng/back.htm#top (6.11.2022).
Oxfam Technical Briefing (2016). Technical Methodology Document. How Oxfam Identified the World’s Worst Corporate Tax Havens. Pobrane z: https://oi-files-d8-prod.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/file_attachments/tb-race-to-bottom-methodology-note-121216-en.pdf (17.02.2022).
Palan, R. (2009). History of Tax Havens. History & Policy, 1 October. Pobrane z: https://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/history-of-tax-havens (3.06.2022).
Ranking Rzeczpospolitej (2020). Pobrane z: https://rankingi.rp.pl/lista2000/2020/lista_2000 (10.06.2022).
Sullivan, M. A. (2004). U.S. Multinationals Move More Profits to Tax Havens. Tax Notes International, 16 February, 589–593.
Unger, B., Ferwerda, J. (2008). Regulating Money Laundering and Tax Havens: The Role of Blacklisting. Utrecht School of Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, Discussion Paper Series 08–12. Pobrane z: https://www.uu.nl/sites/default/files/rebo_use_dp_2008_08-12.pdf (17.02.2022).
United States Government Accountability Office (2008). International Taxation. Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions, December 2008. Pobrane z: https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-09-157.pdf (21.02.2022).
Zoromé, A. (2007). Concept of Offshore Financial Centers: In Search of an Operational Definition. IMF Working Paper, Monetary and Capital Markets Department, April 2007, WP/07/87. Pobrane z: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2007/wp0787.pdf (21.02.2022).
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5620-370X
