The right to obtain an explanation of the decision-making procedure in an individual case under Article 86 (1) of the Artificial Intelligence Act – selected problems
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the regulation of the right to obtain an explanation of the decision-making procedure in an individual case contained in Article 86 (1) of the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA). At the outset of the study, Article 22 (1) of the GDPR is also analysed in order to then establish what the interplay between the two provisions is. This will also make it possible to identify the potential risks associated with the exercise of the right established in Article 86 (1) of the AIA. The analysis carried out has allowed for the formulation of final conclusions, which show, inter alia, that the subjective and objective scope of Article 86 (1) of the AIA is broader than Article 22 (1) of the GDPR, the consequences of individual decisions justifying the use of Article 86 (1) of the AIA are so broad that in practice they can apply to almost every partial or complete ADM issued using a high-risk AI system. The paper uses a law-comparative method.
Keywords:
AI systems, automated decision, AI ActReferences
Ajna I., The Paradox of Automation as Anti-Bias Intervention, Cardozo Law Review 2020, vol. 41.
Ayodele T.O., Machine Learning Overview, in: New Advances in Machine Learning, ed. Y. Zhang, 2010, https://www.intechopen.com/books/3752 [access: 10.03.2025].
Barocas S., Selbst A.D., Big Data’s Disparate Impact, California Law Review 2016, vol. 104. (Crossref)
Ciechomska M., Prawne aspekty profilowania oraz podejmowania zautomatyzowanych decyzji w ogólnym rozporządzeniu o ochronie danych osobowych, Europejski Przegląd Sądowy 2017, no. 5.
Ciosk K., Model systemowego przeciwdziałania dyskryminacji algorytmicznej – uwagi na tle projektu Aktu w sprawie sztucznej inteligencji, Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 2022, no. 2.
Citron D.K., Pasquale F., The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions, Washington Law Review 2014, vol. 89.
Crawford K., Schultz J., Big Data and Due Process: Toward a Framework to Redress Predictive Privacy Harms, Boston College Law Review 2014, vol. 55.
Czerniawski M., in: RODO. Ogólne rozporządzenie o ochronie danych. Komentarz, eds. E. Bielak- Jomaa, D. Lubasz, 2018 [LEX database].
Fajgielski P., in: Komentarz do rozporządzenia nr 2016/679 w sprawie ochrony osób fizycznych w związku z przetwarzaniem danych osobowych i w sprawie swobodnego przepływu takich danych oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 95/46/WE (ogólne rozporządzenie o ochronie danych), in: Ogólne rozporządzenie o ochronie danych. Ustawa o ochronie danych osobowych. Komentarz, 2022 [LEX database].
Geburczyk F., Kryteria dopuszczalności decyzji zautomatyzowanych w świetle brzmienia art. 22 ust. 1 RODO, Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego 2022, no. 5. (Crossref)
Gillis T.B., Spiess J.L., Big Data and Discrimination, University of Chicago Law Review 2019, vol. 86, no. 2.
Kelder K., On the Relative Importance of the AI Act Right to Explanation, 2024, https://digi-con.org/on-the-relative-importance-of-the-ai-act-right-to-explanation/ [access: 10.03.2025].
Kupiec M., Nowe spojrzenie na zautomatyzowane podejmowanie decyzji w rozumieniu art. 22 RODO – glosa do wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości z 7.12.2023 r., C-634/21, Europejski Przegląd Sądowy 2024, no. 3.
Malczyk I., Znaczenie Karty praw podstawowych Unii Europejskiej dla Polski, Kortowski Przegląd Prawniczy 2012, no. 1.
Mednis A., in: Prawo bankowe. Komentarz, eds. A. Mikos-Sitek, P. Zapadka, 2022 [LEX database].
Rojszczak M., Sztuczna inteligencja w innowacjach finansowych – aspekty prawne i regulacyjne,
IKAR 2020, no. 2.
Rzymowski R., Definicja prawnicza sztucznej inteligencji na podstawie rozporządzenia PE i Rady (UE) 2024/1689 w sprawie sztucznej inteligencji, Przegląd Prawa Publicznego 2024, no. 11.
Szostek D., Ba G., Prabucki T., Nowakowski M., Zastosowanie sztucznej inteligencji w bankowości – szanse oraz zagrożenia. Raport opracowany przez badaczy z Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w ramach Programu Analityczno-Badawczy przy Fundacji WIB, 2022, https://us.edu.pl/wpcontent/uploads/pliki/ [access: 10.03.2025].
Wang X., Cheng Wu Y., Ji X., Fu H., Algorithmic Discrimination: Examining Its Types and Regulatory Measures with Emphasis on US Legal Practices, Frontiers of Artificial Intelligence 2024, no. 7. DOI: 10.3389/frai.2024.1320277. (Crossref)
Zuiderveen Borgesius F., Discrimination, Artificial Intelligence and Algorithmic Decision-Making, Council of Europe, Strasbourg 2018.
University of Szczecin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3930-8577
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Author declares that the Work is original and does not infringe any personal or proprietary rights of third parties, and that She/He has unlimited rights to the Work which are the subject of the Agreement signed with the Publisher.
Author of the publication transfers to the Publisher the economic copyrights to the Work (article) submitted for publication, free of charge, without time and territorial restrictions in the following fields of use:
a) production, recording and reproduction of the copies of the Work by a specific technique, including printing, magnetic recording and digital technology;
b) marketing, lending or rental of the original or copies of the Work, and distribution in the form of open access, in accordance with the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (also known as CC BY), available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.pl;
c) inclusing the Work in the composition of the collective work;
d) publishing on the website of the journal, public performance, exhibition, display, reproduction, broadcasting and rebroadcasting, and making the Work available to the public in such a way that everyone can have access to them in a place and at a time chosen by them;
e) uploading the Work in an electronic form to electronic platforms or other uploading of the Work in an electronic form to the Internet or other network.
The proprietary copyright to the Work is transferred to the Publisher free of charge upon signing the contract wit the Publisher.
