The right to freedom of expression and the irremovability and appointment of judges – democratic standards of the Council of Europe
Joanna Derlatka
Abstract
The right to freedom of expression and the irremovability and appointment of judges - democratic standards of the Council of EuropeThe right expressed in Article 10 of the Convention stresses the importance of the freedom of expression and the freedom of information as the cornerstones of a democratic and pluralistic society. The main issue in this article is defining the limits of the freedom of expression enjoyed by judges in those circumstances when they are the authors of critical statements, not only when the critical opinions are addressed at judges and courts. The apolitical nature of judges means that their participation in a public debate on current political issues should be subject to special rules. The parent value of participation in a public debate is the special restraint. However, that does not change the fact that judges should comment on the current problems of the judicial system and the system of common courts. Judicial freedom of expression cannot be limited by a sanction threat violating the principles of the irremovability and appointment of judges.
Keywords:
the right to freedom of expression, the irremovability of judges, appointment of judges, public debate, democratic standardsReferences
Literatura:
J. Barcik Standards of participation of judges in the public sphere according to international documents, National Council of the Judiciary Quarterly 2017, No 1.
J. Barcik, The position of the judge in the draft constitution of PiS (Law and Justice Party) in the perspective of Strasbourg, „Iustitia” 2016, No 2.
J. Bodio, in: The system of legal protection authorities, a detailed part, J. Bodio, G. Borkowski, T. Demendecki (ed.) Krakow 2005.
W. Brzozowski, Ideological impartiality of public authorities in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Warsaw 2011.
J. Derlatka, Exclusion of a judge in civil proceedings, Warsaw 2016.
P. van Dijk, F. van Hoof, A. van Rijn, L. Zwaak (ed.), Theory and Practice of the European Convention of Human Right, Antwerpen-Oxford 2006.
T. Ereciński, J. Gudowski, J. Iwulski, in: The Law on the System of Common Courts. The Act on the National Council of the Judiciary. Commentary, J. Gudowski (ed.), Warsaw 2009.
M. Florczak-Wątor, The duty to protect the pluralistic character of a democratic society by a State being a Party in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in: Twenty years of the RP Constitution’s operation. Polish constitutional thought and international democratic standards, J. Jaskiernia, K. Spryszak (ed.), Toruń 2017.
W. van Gerven, in: The Principle of Proportionality in the Laws of Europe, E. Ellis (ed.), Oxford-Portland Oregon 1999.
D. Górecki, Polish Constitutional Law, Warsaw 2012.
E. Guild, G. Lesieur, The European Court of Justice on The European Convention on Human Rights: Who Said What, When?, London-The Hague-Boston 1998.
L. Garlicki, Democratic Standards of the Council of Europe and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (political practices) in: Twenty years of the RP Constitution’s operation. Polish constitutional thought and international democratic standards [in Polish], J. Jaskiernia, K. Spryszak (ed.), Toruń 2017.
M. Jabłoński, Comments on the Evolution of the Guarantee of Independence and Impartiality of Judges and Common Courts, in: Acta UniversitatisWratislaviensis, Wroclaw 1997.
I.C. Kamiński, Freedom of expression and the issue of maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary – remarks on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, „National Council of the Judiciary Quarterly” 2017, No 1.
I. Kant, The metaphysics of morals, Warsaw 1971.
K.R. Kozłowski, Judges’ Cooperation Forum, „Iustitia” 2017, No 2.
M. Krzyżanowska-Mierzewska, Procedural protection accorded to judges in disputes with the state. Commentary on the judgment of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Baka v. Hungary of 23 June 2016, application no. 20261/12, „National Council of the Judiciary Quarterly” 2016, No 3.
F. Longchamps de Bérier, Problems of subordination to law, in: Ethics of legal professions. Legal ethics, H. Izdebski, P. Skuczyński (ed.), Warsaw 2006.
G. Ławnikowicz, Idea of judicial independence in the legal order and legal thought of the Second Polish Republic, Toruń 2009.
Z. Łyda, The arbitrator’s impartiality and the prohibition of “interest in the case”, „Państwo i Prawo” 1996, v. 2.
T. Marauhn, in: European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, D. Ehlers (ed.), Berlin 2007.
M.A. Nowicki, European Court of Human Rights - Review of Jurisprudence (July-December 2012), „Palestra” 2013, No. 1-2.
S. Pawela, The principle of judicial independence in the views of the Constitutional Tribunal, in: Constitution and guarantees of its observance. A memorial book in honuor of prof. J. Zakrzewska, Warsaw 1996.
K. Piasecki, Organization of Justice in Poland, Krakow 2005.
A. Rutkowska, Unacceptable interference of the executive the powers with the rights of the judiciary. Gloss to the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 27/05/2014, case of Baka v. Hungary, application no. 20261/12, „Przegląd Sądowy” 2015, No. 7-8.
W. Sakulin, Trademark Protection and Freedom of Expression: An Inquiry Into the Conflict Between Trademark Rights and Freedom of Expression Under European Law, The Netherlands 2011.
P.A. Świtalski, The role of the Council of Europe in the system of international organizations, in: Council of Europe and democratic changes in Central and Eastern Europe states in 1989-2009, J. Jaskiernia (ed.), Toruń 2010.
Z. Tobor, T. Pietrzykowski, Impartiality as a legal concept, in: Law and values. Jubilee book of Prof. Józef Nowacki, I. Bogucka, Z. Tobor (ed.), Krakow 2003.
E. Waśkowski, Civil process system. Volume I. Theoretical introduction: principles of the rational system of courts and civil proceedings, Vilnius 1932.
P. Winczorek, Commentary to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997, Warsaw 2000.
M. Wróblewski, Limits of judge’s expression and speech– problem outline, National Council of the Judiciary Quarterly 2017, No 1.
A. Żurawik, The system of the judiciary in Poland, Warsaw 2013.
Akty prawne:
The Statute of the Council of Europe of May 5, 1949,Journal of Laws of 1994/118, item 565.
Act of 2 April 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Journal of Laws No. 78, item 483 as amended.
Act of 27 July The Law on the System of Common Courts, Journal of Laws of 2016, item 2062 as amended.
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Rome, 4 November 1950), Journal of Laws of 1994/61, item 284.
The Code of Professional Ethics for Judges and Judicial Assessors - attachment to Resolution No. 25/2017 of the National Council of the Judiciary of 13/01/2017 on the publication of the consolidated text of the Code of Professional Ethics for Judges and Judicial Assessors.
European Commission For Democracy Through Law. Rapport sur la liberted’expression des juges (23.06.2015), CDL-AD(2015)018.
European Commission For Democracy Through Law. Memorandum. Reform of the judicial system in Bulgaria (20.01.2003), CDL-AD (2003)12.
European Commission For Democracy Through Law. Opinion on the Constitutional Amendments reforming the Judicial System in Bulgaria (24.09.2003), CDL-AD(2003)016.
European Commission For Democracy Through Law. Opinion on the Draft Laws on Judges and the Organisation of Courts of the Republic of Serbia (19.03.2008), CDL-AD(2008)007.
Orzecznictwo:
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Unabhängige Initiative Informationsvielfalt v. Austria of 26.02.2002, application No. 28525/95.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Nikula v. Finland of 21.03.2002, application No. 31611/96.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Poyraz v. Turkey of 7.12.2010, application No. 15966/06.
The judgment of the Grand Chamber of the ECHR in the case of Baka v. Hungary of 23.06.2016, application No. 20261/12.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Manole and Others v. Moldova of 17.09.2009, application No. 13936/02.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Centro Europa 7 S.R.L. and di Stefano v. Italy of 7.01.2012, application No. 38433/09.
The decision of the ECHR in the case of Belkacem v. Belgium of 27.06.2017, application no. 34367/14.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Socialist Party and others v. Turkey of 28.05.1998, application No. 21237/93.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Albayrak v. Turkey of 31.01.2008, application No. 38406/97.
The decision of the ECHR in the case of Pitkevich v. Russia of 8.02.2001, application No. 47936/99.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Oberschlick v. Austria (no. 2) of 1.07.1997, application No. 20834/92.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of H. Urban and R. Urban v. Poland of 30.11.2010, application No. 23614/08.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Kingsley v. The United Kingdom of 7.11.2000, application No. 35605/97.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Findlay v. The United Kingdom of 25.02.1997, application No. 22107/93.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Campbell and Fell v. Findlay v. The United Kingdomof 28.06.1984, application No. 7819/77.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Wille v. Lichtenstein of 28.10.1999, application No. 28396/95.
The judgment of the Grand Chamber of the ECHR in the case of Baka v. Hungary of 23.06.2016, application No. 20261/12.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Kudeshkina v. Russia of 26.02.2009, application No. 29492/05.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Harabin v. Slovakia of 20.11.2012, application No. 58688/11.
The decision of the ECHR in the case of Harabin v. Slovakia of 29.06.2004, application No. 62584/00.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Kayasu v. Turkey of 13.11.2008, application No. 64119/00.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Błaja News sp. z o.o. v. Poland of 26.11.2013, application No. 59545/10.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Morice v. France of 23.04.2015, application No. 29369/10.
Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of June 24, 1998, K 3/98, OTK 1998, No. 4, item 52.
J. Barcik Standards of participation of judges in the public sphere according to international documents, National Council of the Judiciary Quarterly 2017, No 1.
J. Barcik, The position of the judge in the draft constitution of PiS (Law and Justice Party) in the perspective of Strasbourg, „Iustitia” 2016, No 2.
J. Bodio, in: The system of legal protection authorities, a detailed part, J. Bodio, G. Borkowski, T. Demendecki (ed.) Krakow 2005.
W. Brzozowski, Ideological impartiality of public authorities in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Warsaw 2011.
J. Derlatka, Exclusion of a judge in civil proceedings, Warsaw 2016.
P. van Dijk, F. van Hoof, A. van Rijn, L. Zwaak (ed.), Theory and Practice of the European Convention of Human Right, Antwerpen-Oxford 2006.
T. Ereciński, J. Gudowski, J. Iwulski, in: The Law on the System of Common Courts. The Act on the National Council of the Judiciary. Commentary, J. Gudowski (ed.), Warsaw 2009.
M. Florczak-Wątor, The duty to protect the pluralistic character of a democratic society by a State being a Party in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in: Twenty years of the RP Constitution’s operation. Polish constitutional thought and international democratic standards, J. Jaskiernia, K. Spryszak (ed.), Toruń 2017.
W. van Gerven, in: The Principle of Proportionality in the Laws of Europe, E. Ellis (ed.), Oxford-Portland Oregon 1999.
D. Górecki, Polish Constitutional Law, Warsaw 2012.
E. Guild, G. Lesieur, The European Court of Justice on The European Convention on Human Rights: Who Said What, When?, London-The Hague-Boston 1998.
L. Garlicki, Democratic Standards of the Council of Europe and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (political practices) in: Twenty years of the RP Constitution’s operation. Polish constitutional thought and international democratic standards [in Polish], J. Jaskiernia, K. Spryszak (ed.), Toruń 2017.
M. Jabłoński, Comments on the Evolution of the Guarantee of Independence and Impartiality of Judges and Common Courts, in: Acta UniversitatisWratislaviensis, Wroclaw 1997.
I.C. Kamiński, Freedom of expression and the issue of maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary – remarks on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, „National Council of the Judiciary Quarterly” 2017, No 1.
I. Kant, The metaphysics of morals, Warsaw 1971.
K.R. Kozłowski, Judges’ Cooperation Forum, „Iustitia” 2017, No 2.
M. Krzyżanowska-Mierzewska, Procedural protection accorded to judges in disputes with the state. Commentary on the judgment of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Baka v. Hungary of 23 June 2016, application no. 20261/12, „National Council of the Judiciary Quarterly” 2016, No 3.
F. Longchamps de Bérier, Problems of subordination to law, in: Ethics of legal professions. Legal ethics, H. Izdebski, P. Skuczyński (ed.), Warsaw 2006.
G. Ławnikowicz, Idea of judicial independence in the legal order and legal thought of the Second Polish Republic, Toruń 2009.
Z. Łyda, The arbitrator’s impartiality and the prohibition of “interest in the case”, „Państwo i Prawo” 1996, v. 2.
T. Marauhn, in: European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, D. Ehlers (ed.), Berlin 2007.
M.A. Nowicki, European Court of Human Rights - Review of Jurisprudence (July-December 2012), „Palestra” 2013, No. 1-2.
S. Pawela, The principle of judicial independence in the views of the Constitutional Tribunal, in: Constitution and guarantees of its observance. A memorial book in honuor of prof. J. Zakrzewska, Warsaw 1996.
K. Piasecki, Organization of Justice in Poland, Krakow 2005.
A. Rutkowska, Unacceptable interference of the executive the powers with the rights of the judiciary. Gloss to the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 27/05/2014, case of Baka v. Hungary, application no. 20261/12, „Przegląd Sądowy” 2015, No. 7-8.
W. Sakulin, Trademark Protection and Freedom of Expression: An Inquiry Into the Conflict Between Trademark Rights and Freedom of Expression Under European Law, The Netherlands 2011.
P.A. Świtalski, The role of the Council of Europe in the system of international organizations, in: Council of Europe and democratic changes in Central and Eastern Europe states in 1989-2009, J. Jaskiernia (ed.), Toruń 2010.
Z. Tobor, T. Pietrzykowski, Impartiality as a legal concept, in: Law and values. Jubilee book of Prof. Józef Nowacki, I. Bogucka, Z. Tobor (ed.), Krakow 2003.
E. Waśkowski, Civil process system. Volume I. Theoretical introduction: principles of the rational system of courts and civil proceedings, Vilnius 1932.
P. Winczorek, Commentary to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997, Warsaw 2000.
M. Wróblewski, Limits of judge’s expression and speech– problem outline, National Council of the Judiciary Quarterly 2017, No 1.
A. Żurawik, The system of the judiciary in Poland, Warsaw 2013.
Akty prawne:
The Statute of the Council of Europe of May 5, 1949,Journal of Laws of 1994/118, item 565.
Act of 2 April 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Journal of Laws No. 78, item 483 as amended.
Act of 27 July The Law on the System of Common Courts, Journal of Laws of 2016, item 2062 as amended.
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Rome, 4 November 1950), Journal of Laws of 1994/61, item 284.
The Code of Professional Ethics for Judges and Judicial Assessors - attachment to Resolution No. 25/2017 of the National Council of the Judiciary of 13/01/2017 on the publication of the consolidated text of the Code of Professional Ethics for Judges and Judicial Assessors.
European Commission For Democracy Through Law. Rapport sur la liberted’expression des juges (23.06.2015), CDL-AD(2015)018.
European Commission For Democracy Through Law. Memorandum. Reform of the judicial system in Bulgaria (20.01.2003), CDL-AD (2003)12.
European Commission For Democracy Through Law. Opinion on the Constitutional Amendments reforming the Judicial System in Bulgaria (24.09.2003), CDL-AD(2003)016.
European Commission For Democracy Through Law. Opinion on the Draft Laws on Judges and the Organisation of Courts of the Republic of Serbia (19.03.2008), CDL-AD(2008)007.
Orzecznictwo:
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Unabhängige Initiative Informationsvielfalt v. Austria of 26.02.2002, application No. 28525/95.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Nikula v. Finland of 21.03.2002, application No. 31611/96.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Poyraz v. Turkey of 7.12.2010, application No. 15966/06.
The judgment of the Grand Chamber of the ECHR in the case of Baka v. Hungary of 23.06.2016, application No. 20261/12.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Manole and Others v. Moldova of 17.09.2009, application No. 13936/02.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Centro Europa 7 S.R.L. and di Stefano v. Italy of 7.01.2012, application No. 38433/09.
The decision of the ECHR in the case of Belkacem v. Belgium of 27.06.2017, application no. 34367/14.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Socialist Party and others v. Turkey of 28.05.1998, application No. 21237/93.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Albayrak v. Turkey of 31.01.2008, application No. 38406/97.
The decision of the ECHR in the case of Pitkevich v. Russia of 8.02.2001, application No. 47936/99.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Oberschlick v. Austria (no. 2) of 1.07.1997, application No. 20834/92.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of H. Urban and R. Urban v. Poland of 30.11.2010, application No. 23614/08.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Kingsley v. The United Kingdom of 7.11.2000, application No. 35605/97.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Findlay v. The United Kingdom of 25.02.1997, application No. 22107/93.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Campbell and Fell v. Findlay v. The United Kingdomof 28.06.1984, application No. 7819/77.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Wille v. Lichtenstein of 28.10.1999, application No. 28396/95.
The judgment of the Grand Chamber of the ECHR in the case of Baka v. Hungary of 23.06.2016, application No. 20261/12.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Kudeshkina v. Russia of 26.02.2009, application No. 29492/05.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Harabin v. Slovakia of 20.11.2012, application No. 58688/11.
The decision of the ECHR in the case of Harabin v. Slovakia of 29.06.2004, application No. 62584/00.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Kayasu v. Turkey of 13.11.2008, application No. 64119/00.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Błaja News sp. z o.o. v. Poland of 26.11.2013, application No. 59545/10.
The judgment of the ECHR in the case of Morice v. France of 23.04.2015, application No. 29369/10.
Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of June 24, 1998, K 3/98, OTK 1998, No. 4, item 52.
Derlatka, J. (2020). Prawo do swobody wypowiedzi a nieusuwalność i powoływanie sędziów – standardy demokratyczne Rady Europy. Zeszyty Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II, 61(3), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.31743/zn.2018.61.3.95-111
Joanna Derlatka
joanna.derlatka@ujk.edu.pl
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