The realization of the human right to food: preliminary remarks on assessing food security
Jarosław Kowalski
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-1928
Aleksandra Kowalska
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie , Polskahttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-3854-951X
Abstrakt
Prawa człowieka w ostatnich latach przeżywają pewien renesans. Są one przedmiotem ochrony na poziomie międzynarodowym, regionalnym i krajowym. Prawa człowieka są to powszechne prawa moralne o podstawowym charakterze, przysługujące każdej jednostce w kontaktach z państwem. Realizacja prawa człowieka do żywności różni się w poszczególnych regionach świata, gdzie funkcjonują odmienne systemy prawa, systemy polityczne czy systemy społeczno-gospodarcze. Istotna jest rola państwa w realizacji prawa człowieka do żywności oraz zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego i żywieniowego. Celem pracy jest analiza realizacji prawa do żywności w różnych krajach oraz określenie wyzwań związanych z interpretacją wartości globalnego wskaźnika bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego (Global Food Security Index, GFSI). Liczba osób niedożywionych zwiększa się w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej i Południowej Azji, a jednocześnie rośnie udział osób z nadwagą w Ameryce Północnej i Europie. Podczas pandemii COVID-19, na skutek lockdownu, problemy te nasiliły się. COVID-19 zagraża globalnemu bezpieczeństwu żywnościowemu głównie z powodu wzrostu cen i utraty dochodów skutkujących pogorszeniem się stanu odżywienia ludzi. Na świecie jest cztery razy więcej osób z nadwagą niż tych z niedowagą. Problem w tym, że wiele wskaźników pomiaru bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego i żywieniowego odzwierciedla kwestię niewystarczającego spożywania kalorii, a nie pokazuje problemu otyłości. Metodyka, na podstawie której liczony jest wskaźnik GFSI, powinna być zrewidowana. Należy ponownie przemyśleć wagi elementów wskaźnika związanych z żywieniem.
Słowa kluczowe:
Prawa człowieka, prawo do żywności, bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe i żywieniowe, Globalny Wskaźnik Bezpieczeństwa Żywnościowego (GFSI)Bibliografia
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Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie
Dr hab. Aleksandra Kowalska, prof. UMCS - Department of Microeconomics and Applied Economics, Institute of Economics and Finance, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland. She is an expert the area of protecting integrity of food supply chain from fraud and adulteration. Her expertise is also in the area of food security, food policy and governance, and sustainable food systems.
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3854-951X
