Gacaca – Tribunals in Rwanda
Katarzyna Banasik
Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University , Polandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3693-0480
Abstract
Seventeen years have recently passed since the massacre in African Rwanda, regarded as the most shocking of the contemporary crimes of genocide. Not only an international tribunal ad hoc was established in order to sentence the perpetrators of this crime, but also special “Gacaca” tribunals, based on traditional local community courts, were created. These tribunals will soon complete their work. The time has come to summarise and evaluate their activities.
Keywords:
trybunały „Gacaca”, ludobójstwo, masakra w Rwandzie, Hutu i Tutsi, Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny dla RwandySupporting Agencies:
Fragment of a scientific work funded by the National Science Centre on the basis of the decision of the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education as research project No. N N110003240, accepted for funding within the 40th competition of applications for funding of research projectsReferences
Justice Compromised: The Legacy of Rwanda’s Community-Based Gacaca Courts, sprawozdanie z dnia 31.5.2011 r. organizacji Human Rights Watch, dostępne na www.hrw.org (otwierano w sierpniu 2011 r.)
Address by Judge Khalida Rachid Khan, President of the ICTR, to the United Nations Security Council - Six monthly Report on the Completion Strategy of the ICTR z 6.6.2011 r. (www.unictr.org/AboutICTR/GeneralInformation, otwarto w dniu 24.8.2011 r.)
K. E. Smith, Genocide and the Europeans, Cambridge University Press, New York 2010
http://www.gov.rw (otwarto w dniu 24.8.2011 r.)
A. Cassese, From Nuremberg to Rome: International Military Tribunals to the International Criminal Court, [w:] The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, pod red. A. Cassese, P. Gaeta, J. Johnes, tom I, Oxford University Press, New York 2002
K. Wierczyńska, Pojęcie ludobójstwa w kontekście orzecznictwa międzynarodowych trybunałów karnych ad hoc, Warszawa 2010
http://pl.wikipedia.org (otwarto w dniu 28.8.2011 r.)
M. Jamkowski, Ibuku – pamiętaj!, w: Na własne oczy, „Polityka” nr 30/07, dostępne na http://archiwum.polityka.pl (otwarto w dniu 16.8.2011 r.)
M. Nawrot, Gacaca sprawiedliwość na trawie, w: „Polityka” nr 24 (2658) z dnia 14.6.2008 r., s. 124-129, dostępne na http://archiwum.polityka.pl (otwarto w dniu 16.08.2011 r.)
U. P. Behrendt, Die Verfolgung des Völkermordes in Ruanda durch internationale und nationale Gerichte, Berlin 2005
National Service of Gacaca Jurisdictions, www.inkiko-gacaca.gov.rw, otwarto w dniu 16.8.2011 r.)
B. Kuschnik, Der Gesamttatbestand des Verbrechens gegen die Menschlichkeit. Herleitungen, Ausprägungen, Entwicklungen, Berlin 2009
A. Bos, Seat of the Court, [w:] The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, pod red. A. Cassese, P. Gaeta, J. Johnes, tom I, Oxford University Press, New York 2002
www.unictr.org/AboutICTR/GeneralInformation (otwarto w dniu 24.8.2011 r.)
www.unictr.org/Legal/StatuteoftheTribunal (otwarto w dniu 24.8.2011 r.)
W. Schabas, [w:] Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Law. Observers’ Notes, Article by Article, pod red. O. Triffterer, wyd. 2, München 2008
www.ojcowiebiali.org (otwarto w dniu 23.8.2011 r.)
Organic law no. 40/2000 of 26 January 2001 Setting up “Gacaca Jurisdictions” and Organizing Prosecutions for Offences Constituting the Crime of Genocide or Crimes Against Humanity Committed Between October 1, 1990 and December 31, 1994 (www.minijust.gov.rw lub www.amategeko.net)
A. Eichhofer, [w:] Völkerstrafrecht, pod red. H. – H. Kühne, R. Esser, M. Gerding, Osnabrück 2007
www.justiceinperspective.org.za (otwarto w dniu 26.8.2011 r.)
www.hrw.org.de (otwarto w dniu 26.8.2011 r.)
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
