Export compulsory license as a public instrument for combating and preventing infectious diseases
Katarzyna Mełgieś
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II , PolandAbstract
In the era of civilization progress and globalization, the problem of infectious diseases, prevention and combating it remains one of the important public health tasks. On the other hand, the specific nature and course of these illnesses is still an important profession for medicine, especially in the field of research and development, depending on the chemical and biological solutions, including drugs and vaccines, which will be effective. The public sector is condemned in this regard in most cases for the scientific and financial activity undertaken by the pharmaceutical industry. The latter, particularly when using the monopoly resulting from patent protection, is not always interested in directing its offer to underdeveloped markets. These areas are often sources of spreading epidemics. Hence the efforts of international organizations, followed by the European Union, to create legal instruments, such as compulsory export licenses, to counteract these unfavorable phenomena. It seems, however, that the introduction of a legislative formula is not sufficient to achieve the expected results without adequate political, economic and social support.
Keywords:
infectious diseases, vaccines, patents, compulsory licenses, health careReferences
Abbott F.M., Puymbroeck R.V. Van, Compulsory Licensing for Public Health A Guide and Model Documents for Implementation of the Doha Declaration Paragraph 6 Decision, The World Bank
Washington, 2005, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/173701468337882214/pdf/334260rev0pub.pdf [dostęp: 21.08.2017 r.].
Barczewski M., Prawa własności intelektualnej w Światowej Organizacji Handlu a dostęp do produktów leczniczych, Warszawa 2013.
Beaglehole R., Bonita R., Kjellström T., Podstawy epidemiologii, Szkoła Zdrowia Publicznego Instytutu Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera, Łódź 2002.
Beall R., Kuhn R.I., Trends in Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals Since the Doha Declaration: A Database Analysis, PLoS Med. 2012 Jan; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3254665/ [dostęp: 21.08.2017 r.].
Desai M.A., Compulsory licensing: Procedural requirements under the TRIPS agreement, Pharmaceuticals Policy and Law 18 (2016) 31–44.
Dobieżyński K., Licencja przymusowa w ustawie z 2000 Prawo własności przemysłowej (Charakterystyka ogólna), Rzecznik patentowy nr 1, 2010, s. 44 i nast.
Kampf R., Special Compulsory Licences For Export of Medicines: Key Features of WTO Members’ Implementing Legislation, Staff Working Paper ERSD-2015-07 31 July 2015; World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division; https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201507_e.pdf [dostęp: 21.08.2017 r.].
Kerry VB, Lee K., TRIPS, The Doha declaration and paragraph 6 decision: what are the remaining steps for protecting access to medicines?, Global Health, 2007 May 24, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892549/ [dostęp: 21.08.2017 r.].
Key Features of WTO Members’ Implementing Legislation, Staff Working Paper ERSD-2015-07 31 July 2015, World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division; https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201507_e.pdf [dostęp: 21.08.2017 r.].
Kolasiński M.K., Ochrona własności intelektualnej w odniesieniu do farmaceutyków w państwach Trzeciego Świata, PiP 2007, nr 8.
Kolasiński M.K., Ograniczenia własności intelektualnej w analizie konstrukcyjnej, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 2008.
Kostański P., Komentarz. Prawo własności przemysłowej, Warszawa 2014.
Krawczyk M., Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals since the Doha Declaration – a Public Health Triumph or Failure?, Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów UJ Nauki Społeczne 2016, nr 15(4).
Michalak A., Interes publiczny i jego oddziaływanie na powstanie, treść i wykonywanie prawa własności intelektualnej, Warszawa 2012.
Miszczak A., Licencjonowanie przymusowe w prawie unijnym oraz umowach międzynarodowych wiążących Rzeczpospolitą Polską, RPEiS 2016, nr 4.
Patent Landscape Report on Vaccines for Selected Infectionues Diseases, przygotowany dla Światowej Organizacji Własności Intelektualnej przez France Innovation Scientifique & Transfert FIST S.A., 2012, http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/patents/946/wipo_pub_946_3.pdf [dostęp: 21.08.2017 r.].
Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation. Intersections between public health, intellectual property and trade, World Health Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization and World Trade Organization 2013, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/pamtiwhowipowtoweb13_e.pdf [dostęp: 21.08.2017 r.].
Reichman J.H., Compulsory licensing of patented pharmaceutical inventions: evaluating the options, Law Med Ethics 2009 Summer, 37(2); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2893582 [dostęp: 21.08.2017 r.].
Sołtysiński S., Licencja przymusowa, [w:] R. Skubisz (red.), System Prawa Prywatnego, t. 14a, Prawo własności przemysłowej, Warszawa 2012.
Sołtysiński S., Licencje patentowe, [w:] J. Szwaja, A. Szajkowski (red.), System Prawa Własności Intelektualnej, t. 3, Prawo wynalazcze, Wrocław 1990.
Stankiewicz R., Model racjonalizacji dostępu do produktu leczniczego, Warszawa 2014.
Targosz T., Licencja przymusowa, [w:] E. Nowińska, K. Szczepanowska-Kozłowska (red.), System Prawa Handlowego, t. 3, Prawo własności przemysłowej, Warszawa 2015.
Tudor J., Compulsory licensing in the european union, Journal of International Commercial Law, 2012, nr 2 s. 222 i nast.
License
The Author declares that the Work is original and does not infringe any personal or proprietary rights of third parties, and that She/He has unlimited rights to the Work which are the subject of the Agreement signed with the Publisher.
Author of the publication transfers to the Publisher the economic copyrights to the Work (article) submitted for publication, free of charge, without time and territorial restrictions in the following fields of use:
a) production, recording and reproduction of the copies of the Work by a specific technique, including printing, magnetic recording and digital technology;
b) marketing, lending or rental of the original or copies of the Work, and distribution in the form of open access, in accordance with the license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (also known as CC BY), available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.pl;
c) inclusing the Work in the composition of the collective work;
d) publishing on the website of the journal, public performance, exhibition, display, reproduction, broadcasting and rebroadcasting, and making the Work available to the public in such a way that everyone can have access to them in a place and at a time chosen by them;
e) uploading the Work in an electronic form to electronic platforms or other uploading of the Work in an electronic form to the Internet or other network.
The proprietary copyright to the Work is transferred to the Publisher free of charge upon signing the contract wit the Publisher.
