Spirit(s), Angels, and Virtues: The Reception of Isaiah 11:2–3a in Early Judaism

Ahearne-Kroll, Patricia D. 2020. Aseneth of Egypt: The Composition of a Jewish Narrative. Early Judaism and Its Literature 53. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. (Crossref)

Albl, Martin C. 1999. “And Scripture Cannot Be Broken”: The Form and Function of the Early. Christian Testimonia Collections. Supplements to Novum Testamentum 96. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Argall, Randal A. 1995. 1 Enoch and Sirach: A Comparative Literary and Conceptual Analysis of the Themes of Revelation, Creation and Judgment. Early Judaism and Its Literature 8. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.

Bauckham, Richard. 2008. The Jewish World around the New Testament: Collected Essays I. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 223. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Baumgärtel, Friedrich. 1968a. “Spirit in the OT.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Gerhard Friedrich, 6:359–67. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Baumgärtel, Friedrich. 1968b. “The Translation of the Hebrew Terms in the LXX.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Gerhard Friedrich, 6:367–68. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Beentjes, Pancratius C. 1997. The Book of Ben Sira in Hebrew: A Text Edition of All Extant Hebrew Manuscripts and A Synopsis of All Parallel Hebrew Ben Sira Texts. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 68. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Bons, Eberhard, and Patrick Pouchelle. 2015. “Introduction.” In The Psalms of Solomon: Language, History, Theology, edited by Eberhard Bons and Patrick Pouchelle, 1–6. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. (Crossref)

Bucur, Bogdan G. 2008. “The Angelic Spirit in Early Christianity: Justin, the Martyr and Philosopher.” The Journal of Religion 88 (2): 190–208. https://doi.org/10.1086/525564. (Crossref)

Bucur, Bogdan G. 2009. “Exegesis of Isaiah 11.2 in Aphrahat the Persian Sage.” In Exegetical Studies, edited by Craig A. Evans and H. Daniel Zacharias, 188–99. Vol. 2 of Early Christian Literature and Intertextuality. London: Clark.

Burchard, Christoph. 1983. “Joseph and Aseneth: A New Translation and Introduction.” In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, edited by James H. Charlesworth, 2:177–247. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.

Burchard, Christoph. 2003. Joseph und Aseneth: Kritisch Herausgegeben. Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti Graece 5. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Burchard, Christoph. 2005. “The Text of Joseph and Aseneth Reconsidered.” Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 14 (2): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951820705051953. (Crossref)

Charlesworth, James H. 1969. “A Critical Comparison of the Dualism in 1QS III, 13–IV, 26, and the ‘Dualism’ Contained in the Fourth Gospel.” New Testament Studies 15 (4): 389–418. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688500019251. (Crossref)

Chesnutt, Randall D. 1995. From Death to Life: Conversion in Joseph and Aseneth. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series 16. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Chilton, Bruce D. 1982. The Glory of Israel: The Theology and Provenience of the Isaiah Targum. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series 23. Sheffield: JSOT Press.

Chilton, Bruce D. 1987. The Isaiah Targum: Introduction, Translation, Apparatus and Notes. The Aramaic Bible 11. Wilmington: Glazier.

Coggins, Richard J. 1998. Sirach. Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Collins, John J. 1993. Daniel: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel. Hermeneia. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.

Collins, John J. 2001. “Current Issues in the Study of Daniel.” In The Book of Daniel: Composition (Crossref)

and Reception, edited by John J. Collins and Peter W. Flint, 1–15. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 83/1. Leiden: Brill.

Collins, John J. 2005. “Joseph and Aseneth: Jewish or Christian?” Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 14 (2): 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951820705051954. (Crossref)

Collins, John J. 2010. The Scepter and the Star: Messianism in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Danker, Frederick W., Walter Bauer, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich. 2000. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (= BDAG).

Davies, James A. 1984. Wisdom and Spirit: An Investigation of 1 Corinthians 1.18–3.20 Against the Background of Jewish Sapiential Tradition in the Greco-Roman Period. Lanham: University Press of America.

De Jonge, Marinus. 2004. “Sidelights on the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs from the Greek Catena on Genesis.” In Things Revealed: Studies in Early Jewish and Christian Literature in Honor of Michael E. Stone, edited by Esther G. Chazon, David Satran, and Ruth A. Clements, 303–15. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 89. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Delamarter, Steve, with a contribution by James H. Charlesworth. 2002. A Scripture Index to Charlesworth’s the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. London: Sheffield Academic Press.

DeSilva, David A. 2013. “The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs as Witnesses to Pre-Christian Judaism: A Re-Assessment.” Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 23 (1): 21–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951820713502411. (Crossref)

Di Lella, Alexander A. 2001. “The Textual History of Septuagint-Daniel and Theodotion-Daniel.” In The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception, edited by John J. Collins and Peter W. Flint, 586–607. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 83/2. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Dines, Jennifer M. 2004. The Septuagint. Understanding the Bible and Its World. London: Clark.

Drawnel, Henryk. 2004. An Aramaic Wisdom Text from Qumran: A New Interpretation of the Levi Document. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 86. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Dupont-Sommer, André. 1952. “L’instruction sur les deux Esprits dans le ‘Manuel de Discipline.’” Revue de l’histoire des religions 142 (1): 5–35. (Crossref)

Edwards, Matthew. 2012. Pneuma and Realized Eschatology in the Book of Wisdom. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments 242. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Fletcher-Louis, Crispin H. T. 1997. Luke-Acts: Angels, Christology and Soteriology. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 94. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Flint, Peter W. 2012. “The Interpretation of Scriptural Isaiah in the Qumran Scrolls: Quotations, Citations, Allusions, and the Form of the Scriptural Source Text.” In A Teacher for All Generations: Essays in Honor of James C. VanderKam, edited by Eric F. Mason, Samuel I. Thomas, Alison Schofield, and Eugene Ulrich, 389–406. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 153. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

García Martínez, Florentino, and Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar. 1997. The Dead Sea Scrolls: Study Edition. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill.

Heger, Paul. 2012. Challenges to Conventional Opinions on Qumran and Enoch Issues. Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 100. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Henze, Matthias, and David Lincicum. 2023. “Introduction.” In Israel’s Scriptures in Early Christian Writings: The Use of the Old Testament in the New, edited by Matthias Henze and David Lincicum, 1–22. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. (Crossref)

Hollander, Harm W., and Marinus de Jonge. 1985. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: A Commentary. Leiden: Brill.

Humphrey, Edith M. 1995. The Ladies and the Cities: Transformation and Apocalyptic Identity in Joseph and Aseneth, 4 Ezra, the Apocalypse and The Shepherd of Hermas. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series 17. London: Clark.

Humphrey, Edith M. 2000. Joseph and Aseneth. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Johansson, Simon B. 2025. “The Angelomorphic Spirit of Wisdom in the Wisdom of Solomon.” Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. First published online August 23, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/09518207251358136. (Crossref)

Kleinknecht, H. 1968. “Pneuma in the Greek World.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Gerhard Friedrich, 6:334–59. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Knibb, Michael A. 2001. “The Book of Daniel in Its Context.” In The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception, edited by John J. Collins and Peter W. Flint, 16–35. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 83/1. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Knibb, Michael A. 2007. “The Book of Enoch or Books of Enoch? The Textual Evidence for 1 Enoch.” In The Early Enoch Literature, edited by Gabriele Boccaccini and John J. Collins, 21–40. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 121. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Koehler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann J. Stamm. 1994–99. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of Mervyn E. J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill. (= HALOT).

Kraemer, Ross Shephard. 1998. When Aseneth Met Joseph: A Late Antique Tale of the Biblical Patriarch and His Egyptian Wife, Reconsidered. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kugler, Robert A. 2001. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Kuhn, Karl Georg. 1952. “Die Sektenschriften und der iranische Religion.” Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 49 (3): 296–316.

Laato, Antti. 1997. A Star is Rising: The Historical Development of the Old Testament Royal Ideology and the Rise of the Jewish Messianic Expectations. University of South Florida International

Studies in Formative Christianity and Judaism 5. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.

Laato, Antti. 2022. Message and Composition of the Book of Isaiah: An Interpretations in the Light of Jewish Reception History. Berlin: De Gruyter. (Crossref)

Lange, Armin, and Matthias Weigold. 2011. Biblical Quotations and Allusions in Second Temple Jewish Literature. Journal of Ancient Judaism 5. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. (Crossref)

Levison, John R. 1995. “The Angelic Spirit in Early Judaism.” SBL Seminar Papers 34:464–93.

Levison, John R. 2022. “The Jewish Origin of Christian Pneumatology.” In It Is the Spirit Who Gives Life: New Directions in Pneumatology, edited by Radu Bordeianu, 3–21. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. (Crossref)

Ma, Wonsuk. 1999. Until the Spirit Comes: The Spirit of God in the Book of Isaiah. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 271. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Menzies, Robert P. 1994. Empowered for Witness: The Spirit in Luke—Acts. London: Clark.

Mettinger, Tryggve N. D. 1976. King and Messiah: The Civil and Sacral Legitimation of the Israelite Kings. Coniectanea Biblica 8. Lund: Gleerup.

Moore, Carey A. 1977. Daniel, Esther and Jeremiah: The Additions: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible 44. New York: Doubleday. (Crossref)

Muraoka, Takamitsu. 2023. Wisdom of Ben Sira. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 302. Leuven: Peeters. (Crossref)

Newsom, Carol A. 2014. Daniel: A Commentary. Old Testament Library. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Know.

Nickelsburg, George W. E., and James C. VanderKam. 2011. 1 Enoch 2: A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch, Chapters 37–82. Hermeneia. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.

Nickelsburg, George W. E., and James C. VanderKam. 2012. 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. (Crossref)

Oeyen, Christian. 1972. “Die Lehre der göttlichen Kräfte bei Justin.” Studia Patristica 11 (2): 215–21.

Parry, Donald W. 2012. “LXX Isaiah or Its Vorlage: Primary ‘Misreadings’ and Secondary Modifications.” In A Teacher for All Generations: Essays in Honor of James VanderKam, edited by Eric F. Mason, Samuel I. Thomas, Alison Schofield, and Eugene Ulrich, 151–68. Vol. 1. (Crossref)

Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 153. Leiden: Brill.

Pearson, Birger A. 1973. The Pneumatikos-Psychikos Terminology in 1 Corinthians: A Study in the Theology of the Corinthian Opponents of Paul and its Relation to Gnosticism. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 12. Missoula, MT: Society of Biblical Literature.

Penner, Ken M. 2020. Isaiah. Septuagint Commentary Series. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Popović, Mladen. 2016. “Anthropology, Pneumatology, and Demonology in Early Judaism: The Two Spirits Treatise (1QS III, 13–IV, 26) and Other Texts from the Dead Sea Scrolls.” In Dust of the Ground and Breath of Life (Gen 2:7): The Problem of a Dualistic Anthropology in Early Judaism and Christianity, edited by Jacques T. A. G. M. van Ruiten and George H. van Kooten, 58–98. (Crossref)

Themes in Biblical Narrative Jewish and Christian Traditions 20. Leiden: Brill.

Rey, Jean-Sébastien, and Jan Joosten, eds. 2011. The Texts and Versions of the Book of Ben Sira: Transmission and Interpretation. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 150. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Ringgren, Helmer. 1956. The Messiah in the Old Testament. Studies in Biblical Theology 18. London: SCM Press.

Rosen-Zvi, Ishay. 2008. “Two Rabbinic Inclinations? Rethinking a Scholarly Dogma.” Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods 39 (4): 513–39. (Crossref)

Russel, D. S. 1964. The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic, 200 BC–AD 100. London: SCM Press.

Sam, Philip P. 2025. “The Shoot in Isaiah 11: A Subversive Hybrid Figure.” Old Testament Essays 38 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312–3621/2025/v38n1a1. (Crossref)

Sawyer, John F. A. 2018. Isaiah Through the Centuries. Wiley Blackwell Bible Commentaries. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Seeligmann, Isac Leo. 2004. The Septuagint Version of Isaiah and Cognate Studies. Edited by Robert Hanhart and Hermann Spieckermann. Forschungen zum Alten Testament 40. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Sekki, Arthur Everett. 1989. The Meaning of Ruaḥ at Qumran. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 110. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.

Shaked, Shaul. 1972. “Qumran and Iran: Further Considerations.” Israel Oriental Studies 2:433–46.

Shehan, Patrick W., and Alexander A. Di Lella. 1987. The Wisdom of Ben Sira: A New Translation with Notes. The Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday.

Shifman, Arie. 2012. “‘A Scent’ of the Spirit: Exegesis of an Enigmatic Verse (Isaiah 11:3).” Journal of Biblical Literature 131 (2): 241–49. (Crossref)

Tigchelaar, Eibert J. C. 2014. “Historical Origins of the Early Christian Concept of the Holy Spirit: Perspectives from the Dead Sea Scrolls.” In The Holy Spirit, Inspiration, and the Cultures of Antiquity: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Jörg Frey and John R. Levison, 167–240. Ekstasis 5. Berlin: De Gruyter. (Crossref)

Tov, Emanuel. 2012. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. 3rd rev. and exp. ed. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.

Troxel, Ronald L. 2008. LXX–Isaiah as Translation and Interpretation: The Strategies of the Translator of the Septuagint of Isaiah. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 124. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Weissenberg, Hanne von, and Christian Seppänen. 2015. “Constructing the Boundary Between Two Worlds: The Concept of Sacred in the Qumran Texts.” In Crossing Imaginary Boundaries: The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Context of Second Temple Judaism, edited by Mika S. Pajunen and Hanna Tervanotko, 71–97. Publications of the Finnish Exegetical Society 108. Helsinki: The Finnish Exegetical Society.

Wernberg-Møller, P. 1961. “A Reconsideration of the Two Spirits in the Rule of the Community (I Q Serek III,13–IV,26).” Revue de Qumrân 3 (3 [11]): 413–41.

Wolfson, Elliot R. 2004. “Seven Mysteries of Knowledge: Qumran E/Soterism Recovered.” In The Idea of Biblical Interpretation: Essays in Honor of James L. Kugel, edited by Hindy (Crossref)

Najman and Judith H. Newman, 177–213. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 83. Leiden: Brill.

Wright, Benjamin G., III. 2007. “1 Enoch and Ben Sira: Wisdom and Apocalypticism in Relationship.” In The Early Enoch Literature, edited by Gabriele Boccaccini and John J. Collins, 159–76. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 121. Leiden: Brill. (Crossref)

Wright, Robert B. 1983. “Psalms of Solomon: A New Translation and Introduction.” In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, edited by James H. Charlesworth, 2:639–70. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.

Wright, Robert B. 2007. The Psalms of Solomon: A Critical Edition of the Greek Text. Jewish and Christian Texts in Contexts and Related Studies 1. London: Clark.