Legal solutions of lake monitoring systems in Poland in compliance with the Water Framework Directive
Elżbieta Małgorzata Zębek
Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Polandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-8391
Abstract
The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC is considered a very modern strategy of water management in the EU. The purpose is to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters by preventing further deterioration and protecting the condition of aquatic ecosystems, as well as increasing the protection and improvement of the condition of the aquatic environment by limiting emissions and losses of priority substances. It was considered that changes in the water law in Poland during the process of implementing the guidelines of the Water Framework Directive may have contributed to widening and strengthening the monitoring system of lakes and changes in their quality, especially their ecological state. This article aims to determine the changes in legal regulations in the field of water quality/ecologically state of lakes in Poland as a result of the implementation of the WFD. The EC reports indicate that some requirements are too rigorous and complicated for Member States to implement. Water monitoring was significantly expanded and modernised which lead to improvement of lake water quality in Poland. The five-grade ecological status of lake waters and standardised biological indicators were introduced. It was highlighted that the improvement of the WFD implementation process allowed for more effective water management and the development of effective strategies for the protection of lakes in Poland and other EU countries.
Keywords:
Water Framework Directive, legal solutions, monitoring system, lake ecological statusReferences
Błaszczak, Teresa. ”Ramowa Dyrektywa Wodna: Strategia wdrażania.” In Integrated Coastal Zone Management at the Szczecin Lagoon: Exchange of experiences in the region, edited by Bernhard Glaeser, Agnieszka Sekścińska, Nardine Löser, 87–99. Coastline Reports, no. 6 (2005).
Boscheck, Ralf. ”The EU Water Framework Directive: meeting the global call for regulatory guidance?.” Intereconomics Review of European Economic Policy, no. 41 (2006). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-006-0196. (Crossref)
Boeuf, Blandine, Oliver Fritsch, and Julia Martin-Ortega. ”Undermining European environmental policy goals? The EU water framework directive and the politics of exemptions.” Water, no. 8 (2016): 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w8090388. (Crossref)
Bouleau, Gabrielle, and Didier Pont. “Did You Say Reference Conditions? Ecological and Socioeconomic Perspectives on the European Water Framework Directive.” Environmental Science and Policy, no. 47 (2015): 32–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.10.012. (Crossref)
Chon, Ho-Sik, Dieudonne-Guy Ohandja, and Nikolaos Voulvoulis. “Implementation of E.U. Water Framework Directive: source assessment of metallic substances at catchment levels.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring, no. 12 (2010): 36–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/B90785. (Crossref)
Ciechanowicz-McLean, Janina. ”Wpływ ramowej dyrektywy wodnej na bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne Morza Bałtyckiego.” Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze, no. 32 (2014): 85–97.
Dieperink, Carel, Tom Raadgever, Peter J. Driessen, Amoud A.H. Smit, and Marleen W. van Rijswick. “Ecological ambitions and complications in the regional implementation of the water framework directive in the Netherlands.” Water Policy, no.14(1) (2012): 160–173. (Crossref)
EEAC. “The EU Water Framework Directive results to date and outlook for the future, EEAC Working Group on Fresh Water Affairs,” 2018. https://eeac.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/The-EU-Water-Framework-Directive-Results-to-date-and-outlook-for-the-future.pdf.
EPA. “Management Strategies for the Protection of High Status Water Bodies (2010-W-DS- 3),” EPA STRIVE Programme 2007–2013, 2012. https://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/research/water/STRIVE_99_ web.pdf.
European Commission. “Water Quality in EU: Introduction to the new EU Water Framework Directive,” 2000. http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/wate r/water framework/overview.html.
Farmer, Andrew. Manual of European Environmental Policy. London: Routledge, 2012.
Giakoumis, Theodoros, and Nikolaus Voulvoulis. “Progress with monitoring and assessment in the WFD implementation in five European River Basins: significant differences but similar problems.” European Journal of Environmental Sciences, no. 8(1) (2018a): 44–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14712/233619 64.2018.7. (Crossref)
Giakoumis, Theodoros, and Nikolaus Voulvoulis. “The Transition of EU Water Policy Towards the Water Framework Directive’s Integrated River Basin Management Paradigm.” Environmental Management, no. 62(5) (2018b): 819–831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1080-z. (Crossref)
Giakoumis, Theodoros, and Nikolaus Voulvoulis. “Water Framework Directive programmes of measures: Lessons from the 1st planning cycle of a catchment in England.” Science of The Total Environment, 6682019: 903–916. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2019.01.405. (Crossref)
Glavan, Matjaž, Špela Železnikar, Gerard Velthof, Sandra Boekhold, Sindre Langaas,and Marina Pintar. “How to enhance the role of science in European Union Policy making and implementation: The case of agricultural impacts on drinking water quality.” Water, no. 11(3) (2019): 492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ w11030492. (Crossref)
Gromiec, Marek. “Problems of water protection planing in the Water Framework Directive. Water Supply and Water Quality”, 2014. https://water.put.poznan.pl/images/fullpapers/2014/OCHRONA_JAKOSC_WOD/249_WODA2014_WODA_2014.pdf.
Hagemann, Nina, Bernd Klauer, Ruby M. Moynihan, Marco Leidel, and Nicole Scheifhacken. “The role of institutional and legal constraints on river water qualitymonitoring in Ukraine.” Environmental Earth Sciences, no. 72(12) (2014): 4745–4756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3307-5 (Crossref)
Hering, Daniel, Angel Borja, Jacob Carstensen, Laurance Carvalho, Mike Elliott, Christian K. Feld, Anna-Stiina Heiskanen, Richard K. Johnson, Jannicke Moe, Didier Pont, Anne Lyche Solheim, and Wouter van de Bund. “The European Water Framework Directive at the age of 10: A critical review of the achievements
with recommendations for the future.” Science of The Total Environment, no. 9(1) (2010). DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.12.
Kampa, Eleftheria, and Wenke Hansen. Heavily Modified Water Bodies. Synthesis of 34 Case Studies in Europe. Berlin: Springer, 2004. (Crossref)
Kiedryńska, Lidia. Monitoring i metody oceny jakości wód według Ramowej Dyrektywy Wodnej. ABC LEX, 2016, March 23, 2022. https://sip-1lex-1pl10000f4nx0b6a.han.uwm.edu.pl/#/publication/469858101/kiedrynska-lidia-monitoring-i-metody-oceny-jakosci-wod-wedlug ramowejdyrektywywodnej?keyword=Kiedry%C5%84ska&cm=STO.
Kondouri, Phoebe, Philippe Ker Rault, Vassilis Pergamalis, Vassilis Skianis, and Ioannis Soulioutis. “Development of an integrated methodology for the sustainable environmental and socio-economic management of river ecosystems.” Science of The Total Environment, no. 540 (2016): 90–100.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.082 (Crossref)
Lucey, John. Water Quality in Ireland 2006 – Key Indicators of the Aquatic Environment. Wexford: EPA, 2007.
Maciejewski, Maciej, and Tomasz Walczykiewicz. ”Dotychczasowe doświadczenia związane z wdrażaniem Ramowej Dyrektywy Wodnej.” Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich, no. 4(1) (2006): 63–76.
Miłaszewski, Rafał, and Tomasz Walczykiewicz. Draft report to the European Commission regarding economic analysis of water management for the Vistula and Oder river basins in accordance with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC together with the concept of forward-looking activities. Warsaw: Departament Zasobów Wodnych Ministerstwa Środowiska, 2004.
Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, Agnieszka. “Ocena jakości/stanu/potencjału ekologicznego jednolitych części wód powierzchniowych – kryteria i unormowania prawne w Polsce.” In Odpowiedzialność za środowisko w ujęciu normatywnym, edited by Elżbieta Zębek, Michał Hejbudzki, 139–151. Olsztyn: Wydawnictwo UWM, 2017.
Pawlaczyk, Paweł . “The perspectives of achieving the objectives of Water Framework Directive in Poland.” Przegląd Przyrodniczy, no. 23(3) (2012): 52–68 .
PGW Wody Polskie. “Water Directive – state of implementation into the Polish legal order.” 2013.http://www.rdw.org.pl/cele-i-harmonogram.html.
Pchałek, Marcin ed. Gospodarowanie wodami. Kluczowe wyzwania w ramach nowego cyklu planistycznego. Wolters Kluwer Polska, 2020.
Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving W. Ligtvoet et al. “Waterkwaliteit en -veiligheid. Balans van de Leefomgeving 2014” – Deel 6, 2014. Rahaman, Muhammad M., Olli Varis, and Tommi K. Rahaman. “EU Water Framework Directive vs. Integrated Water Resources Management: The Seven Mismatches.” Water Resources Development, no. 20(4) (2004): 565–575. DOI: 10.1080/07900620412331319199.
Rakoczy, Bartosz. Opinion on a draft act amending the act - Water law and some other acts. Sejm print No. 2106. Warsaw: Office of the Senate, Office of Analysis and Documentation, 2014.
Squintani, Lorenzo, Ernst Plambeck, and Marleen van Rijswick. “Strengths and Weaknesses of the Dutch Implementation of the Water Framework Directive.” Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law, no. 14 (2017): 269–293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01403002. (Crossref)
Stoa, Ryan. “Subsidiarity in Principle: Decentralization of Water Resources Management.” Utrecht Law Review, no. 10(2) (2014): 31–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18352/ulr.267. (Crossref)
Tokarczyk-Dorociak, Katarzyna, and Szymon Gębarowski. ”Implementation of Water Framework Directive in Barycz river basin.” Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich, no. 10 (2011): 15–27.
Verheeke, Jan, Dirk Uyttendaele, and Michiel de Vries. “Working on the Water Framework Directive – exploratory note in relation to the future article 19.2. review of the Directive,” MINARAAD, 2017. https://eeac.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/171222-EEAC-exploratory-note-water-policy-def-1.pdf.
Vlachopoulou, Maro, Deborah Coughlin, David M. Forrow, Stuart Kirk, Paul Logan, and Nikolaos Voulvoulis. “The potential of using the Ecosystem Approach in the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive.” Science of the Total Environment, no. 470-471 (2014): 684–694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv .2013.09.072. (Crossref)
Voulvoulis, Nikolaos, Karl D. Arpon, and Theodoros Giakoumi. “The EU Water Framework Directive: From great expectations to problems with implementation.” Science of the Total Environment, no. 575 (2017): 358–366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.228. (Crossref)
Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Dr. habil., Associate Professor, Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, correspondence address: Ul . Obitza 1, 10-724 Olsztyn.
