THE CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATING THE IMMUNITY OF CARTHAGINIAN ENVOYS IN THE LIGHT OF LIV. 38.42.7 AND VAL. MAX. 6.6.3 1
Izabela Leraczyk
PhD - Associate Professor, Department of Roman Law, Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin , PolandAbstract
The article analyses the casus of beating Carthaginian envoys in 188 BC and the effects that this act exerted on the grounds of international law, sacral norms and, at a later time, on the grounds of criminal regulations laid by the Romans. Those issues are analyzed on the basis of the account by Titus Livius (38.42.7) and Valerius Maximus (6.6.3). The analysis demonstrates that emissaries dispatched to other peoples were protected by immunity and it also indicates the way in which envoys were chosen in the republican Rome, as well as the customs related to their reception. It is also presented in the article what types of behaviour might have been perceived as violations of envoys’ immunity and what sanctions were faced by those perpetrating such acts. On the grounds of ius gentium there was a threat of declaring war, which could be averted only if the perpetrator was delivered to the affected community. On the grounds of sacral law, it was assumed that a deed of that nature entailed sacrilegium, and a blame could not be in any way removed from an individual. However, the whole society could be remitted their guilt by delivering the wrongdoer to the injured party. Further, the text analyzes the proceedings in the case of causing bodily harm to Punic envoys – the actions undertaken by the urban praetor and the procedure of delivering the perpetrators (deditio) to Carthaginians, carried out by the fetiales.
Keywords:
violation of bodily integrity of an ambassador, immunity, sacrosanctus, sacrilegium, iusta causa belli, Valerius Maximus, beating, LivyReferences
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Ziegler, Karl Heinz. 1972. „Das Völkerrecht der römischen Republik“, in: Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. vol. I2: Von den Anfängen Roms bis zum Ausgang der Republik, ed. Joseph Vogt. 68-114. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter.
Aston, Michael. 1999-2000. “A Legal Interpretation of Livy’s Caudine Sponsio: Using Roman Law to Test the Validity of Livy’s Caudine Forks Narrative”, Past Imperfect 8: 5-32.
Baldus, Christian. 2004. “Vestigia pacis. The Roman Peace Treaty: Structure or Event?”, in: Peace Treaties and International Law in European History. From the Late Middle Ages to World War One. ed. Randall Lesaffer, 103-146. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bederman, David J. 2001. International Law in Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Betting, Maurizio, Alberto Borghini. 1983 “La guerra e lo scambio: hostis, perduellis, inimicus”, in: Linguistica e antropologia. Atti del XIV Congresso Internazionale, Lecce 23-25 maggio 1980. Roma: Bulzoni: 305-312.
Broughton, Thomas R.S. 1951. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. vol. I. New York: American Philological Association.
Broughton, Thomas R.S. 1987. “Mistreatment of Foreign Legates and the Fetial Priest: Three Roman Cases”, Phoenix 41: 50-62.
Crawford, Michael H. 1973. “Foedus and Sponsio”. Papers of the British School at Rome 41: 1-7.
Dahlheim, Werner. 1968. Struktur und Entwicklung des römischen Völkerrechts im 3. und 2. Jh v. Chr. München: Beck.
Dębiński, Antoni. 1995. Sacrilegium w prawie rzymskim. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
Dumézil, Georges. 1996. Archaic Roman Religion. vol. 1, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Fusinato, Guido. 1884. Dei feziali e del diritto feziale. Contributo alla storia del diritto pubblico esterno di Roma, in: Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Memorie della Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, XIII, Roma: Salviucci.
Grainger, John D. 2017. Great Power Diplomacy in the Hellenistic World. London: Routledge.
Grotkamp, Nadine. 2009. Völkerrecht im Prinzipat. Möglichkeit und Verbreitung. Frankfurt am Main: Nomos.
Hausmaninger, Herbert. 1961. “Bellum iustum und iusta causa belli im älteren römischen Recht”, Österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 11: 335-345.
Hoyos, Dexter. 2015. Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jhering, Rudolf von. 1873. Gest des römischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwicklung, vol. 1, Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel.
Jońca, Maciej. 2008. Parricidium w prawie rzymskim. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
Kaser, Max. 1949. Das altrömische Ius. Studien zur Rechtsvollstellung und Rechtsgeschichte der Römer. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Kaser, Max. 1971. Das römische Privatrecht, vol. 1, München: Beck.
Latte, Kurt. 1960. Römische Religionsgeschichte. München: Beck.
Longchamps de Berier, Franciszek. 1994. “Nietykalność posła w Rzymie okresu Pryncypatu”, Prawo kanoniczne 37: 165-174.
Loreto, Luigi. 2001. Il bellum iustum e i suoi equivoci: Cicerone ed una componente della rappresentazione romana del Völkerrecht antico. Naples: Jovene.
Mantovani, Mauro. 1990.Bellum iustum. Die Idee des gerechten Krieges in der römischen Kaiserzeit. New York: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers.
Mommsen, Theodor. 1887. Römisches Staatsrecht, vol. 3.2, Basel: B. Schwabe (reprint Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009).
Oakley, Stephen P. 2005. A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X, t. III: Book IX. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ogilvie, Robert M. 1965. A Commentary on Livy. Books I-V. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Phillipson, Coleman. 1911. The International Law and Custom of Ancient Greece and Rome, vol. 1-2, London: MacMillan.
Popławski, Mieczysław S. 2011. Bellum Romanum. Sakralność wojny i prawa rzymskiego. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
Rüpke, Jörg. 1990. Domi militiae. Die religiöse Konstruktion des Krieges in Rom, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Salmon, Edward T. 1929. “Pax Caudina”, The Journal of Roman Studies 19: 12-18.
Scheid, John. 2006. “Oral Tradition and Written Tradition in the Formation of Sacred Law in Rome”, [in:] Religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome, ed. Clifford Audo, Jörg Rüpke, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Sini, Francesco. 1991. Bellum Nefandum. Virgilio e il problema del „diritto internazionale antico”, Sassari: Libreria Dessì Editrice.
Sordi, Marta. 2002. “Bellum iustum ac pium”, in: Guerra e diritto nel mondo greco e romano, ed. Marta Sordi, 3-11. Milano: Vita e Pensiero, Pubblicazioni dell’Universita Cattolica.
Warde Fowler, William. 1911. “The Original Meaning of the Word Sacer”, The Journal of Roman Studies 1: 57-63.
Watson, Alan. 1993. International Law in Archaic Rome. Baltimore-London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wiedemann, Thomas. 1986. “The Fetiales: A Reconsideration”, The Classical Quarterly 36: 478–490.
Yakobson, Alexander. 2009. „Public Opinion, Foreign Policy and 'Just War' in the Late Republic“. in: Diplomats and Diplomacy in the Roman World, ed. Claude Eilers. 45-72. Leiden: Bril.
Ziegler, Karl Heinz. 1972. „Das Völkerrecht der römischen Republik“, in: Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. vol. I2: Von den Anfängen Roms bis zum Ausgang der Republik, ed. Joseph Vogt. 68-114. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter.
Leraczyk, I. (2018). THE CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATING THE IMMUNITY OF CARTHAGINIAN ENVOYS IN THE LIGHT OF LIV. 38.42.7 AND VAL. MAX. 6.6.3 1. Review of European and Comparative Law, 32(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.3191
Izabela Leraczyk
yessa@interia.pl
PhD - Associate Professor, Department of Roman Law, Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
PhD - Associate Professor, Department of Roman Law, Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
