The COMMUNITARIAN AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL DIMENSION OF THE EU VISA LAW
Abstract
This article explores the development of EU visa policy with special emphasis put on legal and institutional dimension. Basing on a formal analysis of primary and secondary law of the European Union and literature of the subject, it claims that intergovernmental roots of common visa policy strongly affect the current structure of EU regulations on visas. The research is focused on the formal development in this area of integration with particular attention paid to intergovernmental dimension which is still present in the framework of Schengen visa regime. Visa facilitation agreements as part of EU visa law as well as political determinants of common visa policy are also examined. The article concludes that visa issuing still remains a complex matter, characterized by dispersion of visa acquis due to separate provisions that still remain in force and which presents a mix of hard and soft law. Since the Member States have retained the right to issue national, long-term visas and the national practice of issuing uniform visas remains varied, the European integration in the area of visas is still incomplete.
Keywords:
EU visa policy, Schengen visa, Schengen Area, EU Integrated Border ManagementReferences
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Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders, OJ L 239, 22.9.2000
Council Regulation (EC) No 1683/95 of 29 May 1995 Laying down a Uniform Format for Visas 1995.
Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement OJ L 81, 21.3.2001
European Commission (2004) European neighbourhood policy. Strategy paper, Bruxelles: European Commission, (COM(2004)373 final)
European Commission, Evaluation of the implementation of the European Community’s visa facilitation agreements with third countries, Commission Staff Working Document SEC (2009)1041final, Bruxelles: European Commission.
Finotelli Claudia, Sciortino Giuseppe, Through the Gates of the Fortress: European Visa Policies and the Limits of Immigration Control, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 2013, p.503.
Handbook for the processing of visa applications and the modification of issued visas. Commission Decision, 19 March 2010, C (2010) 1620 final.
ICMPD, How harmonised can visa policy be? The new EC proposals on Schengen visa rules, Policy Brief, November 2014.
Infantino Federica, Schengen Visa Implementation and Transnational Policymaking. Bordering Europe, PalgraveMacmillan, 2019.
Jileva Elena, Visa and free movement of labour: The uneven imposition of the EU acquis on the accession states, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2002, 28(4).
Joppke Christian, Asylum and State Sovereignty: A Comparison of the United States, Germany, and Britain, in: Ch. Joppke (Eds.), Challenge to the Nation-State: Immigration in Western Europe and the United States, Oxford, 1998.
Karamanidou Lena, Kasparek Bernd, Global Migration: Consequences and Responses, Respond Working Papers, Paper 2018/14, July 2018, p. 34.
Lavenex Sandra, Migration and the EU’s new eastern border: Between realism and liberalism, Journal of European Public Policy, 8(1), p..24
Meloni Annalisa, Visa Code Regulation (EC) No 810/2009, in K. Hailbronner, D. Thym (eds), EU Immigration and Asylum Law – A Commentary, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2016.
Meloni Annalisa, Visa Policy within the European Union Structure, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2006.
Morawska Ewa, Gappy immigration control, resourceful migrants and pendel communities, in: V. Guiraudon and C. Joppke (eds.), Controlling a new migration world, 2001.
Moreno-Lax Violeta, Accessing Asylum in Europe.Extraterritorial Border Controls and Refugee Rights under EU Law, Oxford, 2017.
Peers Steve, EU Justice and Home Affairs Law: Volume I: EU Immigration and Asylum Law, Oxford, 2016.
Regulation (EC) No 767/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 Concerning the Visa Information System (VIS) and the Exchange of Data Between Member States on Short-Stay Visas
Regulation (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 Establishing a Community Code on Visas (Visa Code) 2009.
Ruszkowski Janusz, Europeizacja ad extra w zarządzaniu zewnętrznym (external governance) Unii Europejskiej, [w]: Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, nr 4, 2010, http://wnpid.amu.edu.pl/images/stories/rie/4-2010/007-028.pdf (access 28.01.2019).
Scott W. James, The EU and Wider Europe: Toward an Alternative Geopolitics of Regional Cooperation?, in: Geopolitics, 2005, vol. 10.
Szachoń-Pszenny Anna, Acquis Schengen a granice wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne w Unii Europejskiej, Poznań, 2011.
Szachoń-Pszenny Anna, Wymiar prawny i terytorialny strefy Schengen, in: M. Trojanowska-Strzęboszewska (eds.) System Schengen a imigracja z perspektywy Polski i Niemiec, Warszawa, 2014.
Treaty on European Union, Consolidated version, OJ C 326, 26.10.2012.
UNHCR. (2011) Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries 2010, https://www.unhcr.org/4d8c5b109.pdf
Zaiotti Ruben, Cultures of Border Control: Schengen and the Evolution of European Frontiers, Chicago, 2011.
Cesarz, M. Z. (2019). The COMMUNITARIAN AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL DIMENSION OF THE EU VISA LAW. Review of European and Comparative Law, 37(2), 7–31. https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.4841
Maciej Zbigniew Cesarz
Maciej.cesarz@uwr.edu.pl
Uniwersytet Wrocławski https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9995-719X
Uniwersytet Wrocławski https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9995-719X
