Collective Work as an Inspiration for Legal Qualification of Computer-Generated Works – Comparative Analysis of the Institution from Polish and French Copyright Law Perspective
Michalina Kowala
Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, College of Europe in Bruges , Polandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-6747
Abstract
The paper focuses on the question whether the institution of collective work could be used as an inspiration in order to regulate the legal situation of computer-generated works. Technological progress makes the creation of art by artificial intelligence with only minimal human participation an increasingly popular phenomenon. For this reason, world literature more and more often discusses how to legally qualify algorithmic creativity. An interesting idea, proposed in January 2020 by French Superior Council of Literary and Artistic Property is to regulate the issue alike the institution of a collective work. The study of the nature of computer-generated creativity on the example of the Endel musical start-up conducted in this paper will help to understand the complexity of the problem of algorithmic creativity. It will be also a valuable introduction to the analysis of the institution of collective work in Polish and French law. This comparative study will be important in the context of assessing the French proposals for the legal qualification of algorithmic creativity and examining to what extent the model of the collective work can be applied to computer-generated works in Polish copyright law.
Keywords:
Collective work, Artificial Intelligence, copyright, French proposalsReferences
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Bertrand, André R. “Auteur et titulaires des droits d’auteur.” In Droit d’auteur, edited by André R. Bertrand, 179–214. Paris: Dalloz action, 2010.
Bertrand, André R. “Auteur et titulaires des droits d’auteur.” In Droit d’auteur, edited by André R. Bertrand, 735–757. Paris: Dalloz action, 2010.
Bosher, Hayleigh. “Warner Music signs distribution deal with AI generated music app Endel.” 2019. Accessed March 27, 2020. https://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2019/03/warner-music-signs-distribution-deal.html.
Cedras, Jean. “La qualification des oeuvres collectives dans la jurisprudence actuelle.” Revue juridique de l’Ouest, no. 2 (1995): 133–147.
Cazeau, Nathalie. “Le titulaire des droits d’exploitation sur une œuvre collective peut – il librement la faire évoluer ?.” 2007. Accessed August 28, 2020. https://www.village-justice.com/articles/titulaire-droits-exploitation-oeuvre-collective,3008.html.
Deahl, Dani. “Warner Music signed an algorithm to a recorded deal- what happens next?.” 2019. Accessed March 27, 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/27/18283084/warner-music-algorithm-signed-ambient-music-endel.
Denicola, Robert C. “Ex Machina: Copyright Protection for computer-generated works.” Rutgers University Law Review 69 (2016): 251–287.
“Endel to release 20 algorithm- powered albums to help you sleep, focus & relax.” Accessed March 27, 2020. https://endel.io/presskit/Endel-PressRelease-20MusicAlbums.pdf.
Flisak, Damian. “Czy robotowi przysługują prawa autorskie? Wywiad z dr Damianem Flisakiem.” Interview by Magdalena Miernik, 2017. Accessed August 27, 2020. https://lookreatywni.pl/baza-wiedzy/czy-sztuczna-inteligencja-zmieni-prawo-autorskie-wywiad-z-dr-damianem-flisakiem/.
Flisak, Damian. “Ustawa o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych, Komentarz do art. 74.” In Prawo autorskie i prawa pokrewne. Komentarz, edited by Damian Flisak, argument 7. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer - LEX, 2015.
Flisak, Damian. “Ustawa o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych. Komentarz do art. 11.” In Prawo autorskie i prawa pokrewne. Komentarz, edited by Damian Flisak, argument 7. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer - LEX, 2015.
Flisak, Damian, and Ireneusz Matusiak. “Ab homine Auctore Ad Robotum Auctorum.” In Opus auctorem laudat. Księga jubileuszowa dedykowana Profesor Monice Czajkowskiej-Dąbrowskiej, edited by Krystyna Szczepanowska-Kozłowska, Ireneusz Matusiak, and Łukasz Żelechowski, 73–96. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
Ginsburg, Jane C. “The Author’s Place in the Future of Copyright.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 153, no. 2 (2009): 147–159.
Grubow, Jared Vasconcellos. “O.K. Computer: The Devolution of Human Creativity and Granting Musical Copyrights to Artificially Intelligent Joint Authors.” Cardozo Law Reviev 40, no. 1 (2018): 387–424.
Hughes, Jim. The Key Roles of AI Engineers. 2019. Accessed August 27, 2020. https://engineeringmanagementinstitute.org/key-roles-ai-engineers.
Jankowska, Marlena. “Ustawa o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych. Komentarz do art. 11.” In Prawo autorskie i prawa pokrewne. Komentarz, edited by Piotr Ślęzak, 1-7. Warsaw: C.H. Beck - Legalis, 2017.
Jankowska, Marlena. “Ustawa o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych. Komentarz do art. 15.” In Prawo autorskie i prawa pokrewne. Komentarz, edited by Piotr Ślęzak, 1-2. Warsaw: C.H. Beck - Legalis, 2017.
Kasperska, Anna. “Problemy zastosowania sztucznych sieci neuronalnych w praktyce prawniczej.” Przegląd Prawa Publicznego, no. 11 (2017): 25–32.
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Machała, Wojciech. “Ustawa o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych. Komentarz do art. 74.” In Prawo autorskie i prawa pokrewne. Komentarz, edited by Rafał Sarbiński. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer - LEX, 2019.
Machała, Wojciech. “Prawo autorskie i prawa pokrewne. Komentarz do art. 11.” In Prawo autorskie i prawa pokrewne. Komentarz, edited by Rafał Sarbiński. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer - LEX, 2019.
“Mission Intelligence Artificielle Et Culture.” Conseil Supérieur De La Propriété Littéraire Et Artistique, 2020. Accessed May 08, 2020. https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/aboutip/en/artificial_intelligence/call_for_comments/pdf/ms_france_cspla_fr.pdf.
Müller, Vincent C., and Nick Bostrom. “Future Progress in Artificial Intelligence: A Survey of Expert Opinion.” In Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence, edited by Vincent C. Müller, 1–19. Berlin: Synthese Library, Springer, 2014. Accessed February 20, 2021. https://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/survey.pdf.
Pavlus, John. “Clever Machines Learn How to Be Curious.” 2017. Accessed December 13, 2019. https://www.quantamagazine.org/clever-machines-learn-how-to-be-curious-20170919/.
Ritterman, Stefan. Komentarz do ustawy o prawie autorskim. Cracow: W.L. Anczyca i Spółki, 1937.
Ryan, Mark. “Ada Lovelace, her Objection, Turing Tests and Universal Computing.” 2019. Accessed August 04, 2020. https://medium.com/swlh/ada-lovelace-her-objection-e189717bd262.
Sokołowska, Dorota. “Utwory zbiorowe w prawie autorskim.” Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace z Prawa Własności Intelektualnej, no. 1 (2001).
Treppoz, Eduard, Alix Capely, Marie-Elvire De Moro-Giafferri, Boriana Guimberteau, Stéphanie Zeller, Sophie Micallef, Olivia Klimis, and Annabelle Divoy. “Droit d’auteur sur les œuvres générées artificiellement.” AIPPI, Question 15. Accessed August 31, 2020. https://www.aippi.fr/upload/2019%20Londres/DROIT_DAUTEUR__Rapport_definitif.pdf.
Yanisky-Ravid, Shlomit. “Generating Rembrandt: Artificial Intelligence, Copyright and Accountability in the 3A Era: The Human-like Authors are already here: A New Model.” Michigan State Law Review, no. 4 (2017): 659–726.
Wang, Amy X. “Warner Music Group Signs an Algorithm to a Record Deal.” 2019. Accessed August 31, 2020. https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/news/warner-music-group-endel-algorithm-record-deal-811327/.
Wagner, James. “Rise of the Artificial Intelligence Author.” Advocate 75, no.4 (2017): 527–534.
WIPO Technology Trends 2019 Artificial Intelligence, World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva 2019.
Kowala, M. (2021). Collective Work as an Inspiration for Legal Qualification of Computer-Generated Works – Comparative Analysis of the Institution from Polish and French Copyright Law Perspective. Review of European and Comparative Law, 45(2), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.10651
Michalina Kowala
kowala.michalina@gmail.com
Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, College of Europe in Bruges
Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, College of Europe in Bruges
Michalina Kowala, M.A., PhD candidate at the Faculty of Law and Administration, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Student of College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium; correspondence address: Al. Niepodległości 53, 61-714 Poznań, Poland; e-mail: michalina.kowala@coleurope.eu; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-6747.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-6747
