The Permissibility of Limiting Rights and Freedoms in the European and National Legal System Due to Health Protection
Robert Krzysztof Tabaszewski
Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin , Polandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7737-0056
Abstract
The article concerns the permissibility of limiting human rights and freedoms in European and national systems due to the protection of individual and public health. The author's goal was to analyse the current practice of states in the application of human rights limitation clauses in the European system of human rights protection. This is an important issue because the practice of limitation and margin of appreciation enjoyed by the member states of the Council of Europe is subject to scrutiny by means of complaints addressed to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, which examines the correct application of individual limitation clauses contained in the 1950 Convention. Human health is one of the main prerequisites for which it is possible to limit other human rights and freedoms. In the context of numerous epidemiological threats and natural disasters of a cross-border nature, assessing rights and freedoms becomes one of the most important issues in the field of public international law, constitutional law and public health law. Against the background of existing solutions in the universal system, the practice of the member states of the European Union and the Council of Europe was examined by comparing it with the views of the doctrine and the results of my research.
Keywords:
legal limitations, public health, individual health, human rights and freedoms, international law, domestic lawReferences
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Anđelković L., The elements of proportionality as a principle of human rights limitations, “Facta Universitatis Series: Law and Politics” 2017, vol. 15, No 3.
Arai-Takahashi Y., The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine and the Principle of Proportionality in the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR, Intersentia, Antwerpen-Oxford-New York 2001.
Banaszak B., System ochrony praw człowieka, Wolters Kluwer, Kraków 2003.
Benvenisti E., Margin of appreciation, consensus, and universal standards, „The New York University Journal of International Law and Politics” 1999, No. 31.
Beyleveld D., Brownsword R., Human dignity in bioethics and biolaw, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001.
Blaxter M., Wydawnictwo Sic!, Warszawa 2009.
Charles J., Origins, history, and achievements of the World Health Organization, “The British Medical Journal” 1968, vol. 4, No. 2.
Connelly A.M., Problems of Interpretation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, „International & Comparative Law Quarterly” 1986, vol. 35, No. 3.
Council of Europe, Handbook on European law relating to the rights of the child, Luxembourg 2015.
Croquet N.A.J., The Role and Extent of a Proportionality Analysis in the Judicial Assessment of Human Rights Limitations within International Criminal Proceedings, Brill-Nijhoff, Leiden 2015.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of International Law, J.P. Grant, J.C. Barker (eds), Oxford 2009.
Gomien D., Harris D., Zwaak L., Law and practice of the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Social Charter, Council of Europe, Strasbourg 1996.
Górski Ł., Prawa jednostki wobec praw grupy. Konflikt czy współistnienie?, in: Człowiek – jego prawa i odpowiedzialność, ed. R. Tabaszewski, Lublin 2013.
Greer S., The exceptions to Articles 8 to 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, “Human Rights Files” 1997, No. 15.
Gross O., Aoláin F.N., From Discretion to Scrutiny: Revisiting the Application of the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Context of Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights, „Human Rights Quarterly” 2001, No. 3.
Habibi R., Dagron S., Gostin L., Negri S. et al., Do not violate the International Health Regulations during the COVID-19 outbreak, “Lancet” 2020.
Hannum H., The UDHR in National and International Law', “Health and Human Rights” 1998, No. 2.
Hovius B., The Limitation Clauses of The European Convention on Human Rights: A Guide for the Application of Section 1 of The Charter?, „Yearbook of European Law” 1986, vol. 6, No. 1.
Jasudowicz T., Administracja wobec praw człowieka, Toruń 1996.
Jasudowicz T., Granice wymagalności międzynarodowo chronionych praw człowieka, in: Prawa człowieka i ich ochrona, ed. B. Gronowska et al., Toruń 2010.
Jasudowicz T., Limits of Enjoyment of Human Rights in the System of the European Social Charter, Polish Review of International and European Law” 2017, vol. 6, No. 1.
Kapelańska-Pręgowska J., Koncepcja tzw. marginesu oceny w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Czowieka, „PiP” 2007, No. 12.
Kiedik D., Fal. A.M., Zdrowie jednostki, in.: Zdrowie publiczne. Podręcznik akademicki, A. Felińczak, A.M. Fal (eds), Akademia Medyczna im. Piastów Śląskich, Wrocław 2010.
Konwencja o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Godności Istoty Ludzkiej wobec Zastosowań Biologii i Medycyny i Protokół dodatkowy w sprawie Zakazu Klonowania Istot Ludzkich, „Prawo i Medycyna” 1999, No. 3.
Kratochvíl J., The inflation of the margin of appreciation by the European Coururt of Human Rights, „Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights” 2011, No. 3.
Krennerich M., The Human Right to Health Fundamentals of a Complex Right, in: Sabine Klotz, Heiner Bifeldt, Martina Schmidhuber, Andreas Frewer (eds), Healthcare as a Human Rights Issue. Normative Profile, Conflicts and Implementation, Verlag, Bielefeld 2017.
Kuczma P., Prawa człowieka w zarysie, Polkowice 2011.
Łabno A., O ograniczenie wolności i praw człowieka na podstawie art. 31 Konstytucji III RP, in: Prawa i wolności obywatelskie w Konstytucji RP, B. Banaszak, A. Preisner (eds), C.H. Beck, Warszawa 2002.
Latos B., Klauzula derogacyjna i limitacyjna w Europejskiej Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2008.
Malhotra V.M., Freedom of expression and health: is the association causal?, “Lancet” 2016, vol. 388, No. 10044.
Marks S., The European Convention on Human Rights and its „democratic society” „The British Yearbook of International Law” 1995, No. 16.
Mizerski R., Granice wymagalności międzynarodowo chronionych praw człowieka, in: Prawa człowieka i ich ochrona, ed. B. Gronowska et al., Toruń 2010.
Morawska E., Prawa konstytucyjne człowieka i obywatela w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a prawa podstawowe Unii Europejskiej. Analiza porównawcza, „Przegląd Sejmowy” 2009, No. 1.
Murphy T., Health and Human Rights, Hart Publishing, Oxford-Portland-Oregon 2013.
Nowicki M.A., Słownik Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka, Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa 2009.
Opolski J., Miller M., Marcin Kasprzak. Komentarz do prac „Postępy Nauk Medycznych” 2009, No. 4.
Palmer E. , Protecting Socio-Economic Rights through the European Convention on Human Rights: Trends and Developments in the European Court of Human Rights, „Erasmus Law Review” 2009, No. 4.
Palusinski R., Narkotyki-przewodnik. Soft-Drugs: Marijuana, LSD-25, grzyby: historia, produkcja, sposób użycia, efekty, niebezpieczeństwa, Total Trade & Publishers, Warszawa 1994.
Parsons T., Struktura społeczna a osobowość, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, Warszawa 1969.
Peers S., Taking Rights Away? Limitations and Derogations, in: The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights, S. Peers, A. Ward (eds), Hart Publishing, Oxford-Portland-Oregon 2004.
Piechowiak M., Klauzula limitacyjna a nienaruszalność praw i godności, „Przegląd Sejmowy” 2009, No. 2.
Riedel E.H., The Human Right to Health: Conceptual Foundations', in: A. Clapham, M. Robinson (eds), Realizing the Right to Health, Rüfe&Rub, Zurich: 2009.
Shany Y., Toward a General Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in International Law?, „European Journal of International Law” 2005, No. 16.
Silva D.S., Smith M.J., Limiting rights and freedoms in the context of Ebola and other public health emergencies: how the principle of reciprocity can enrich the application of the Siracusa Principles, „Health and Human Rights Journal” 2015, vol. 17, No. 1.
Sutton V., Emergencies, disasters, conflicts, and human rights, in: Advancing the human right to health, J. Zuniga, S.P. Marks, L.O. Gostin (eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.
Tabaszewski R., Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Europe and Asia: role of regional organizations in monitoring human right to health and well-being, „Ius Novum” 2019, Vol. 13, No. 2, s. 250-269.
Tabaszewski R., Health as a Legal Term and its Evolution in the Council of Europe’s Human Rights Protection System, “Studia Ełckie” 2019, No. 4.
Tabaszewski R., Health as a value, “Journal of European Integration History” 2019, vol. 25, No. 1.
Tabaszewski R., Prawo do zdrowia w systemach ochrony praw człowieka, KUL, Lublin 2020.
Tobin J., The Right to Health in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
Toebes B., The Right to Health as a Human Right in International Law, Intersentia/Hart, Antwerpen 1999.
Triantafyllou D., The European Charter of Fundamental Rights and the "Rule of Law": Restricting Fundamental Rights by Reference, „Common Market Law Review” 2002, No. 1.
Wasylewski J., Karalność praktyk sadomasochistycznych a prawo do prywatności (Interpretacja art. 8 Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności w orzeczeniu ECtHR z siedzibą w Strasburgu - sprawa Laskey, Jaggard i Brown przeciwko Wielkiej Brytanii, „Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze” 1999, No. 1.
Wiśniewski A., Koncepcja marginesu oceny w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2008.
Wiśniewski A., Uwagi o zastosowaniu koncepcji marginesu oceny w prawie międzynarodowym, in: Prawo międzynarodowe i wspólnotowe wobec wyzwań współczesnego świata, E. Dynia (ed.), Rzeszów 2009.
Wiśniewski A., W sprawie koncepcji marginesu oceny w orzecznictwie strasburskim, „Państwo i Prawo” 2008, No. 2.
Wojtyczek K., Granice ingerencji ustawodawczej w sferę praw człowieka w Konstytucji RP, Zakamycze, Kraków 1999.
Yutaka A., The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine and the Principle of Proportionality in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, Intersentia, Antwerpen-Oxford-New York 2001.
Zakolska J., Problem klauzuli ograniczającej korzystanie z praw i wolności człowieka w pracach konstytucyjnych, w poglądach doktryny i orzecznictwa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, „Przegląd Sejmowy” 2005, No. 5.
Zimmermann J., Prawo administracyjne, Zakamycze, Kraków 2006.
Documents:
Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human rights and Biomedicine, Oviedo, 4 April 1997, ETS No. 164.
Council of Europe, European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rome, 4 November 1950 as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14 supplemented by Protocols Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13 and 16, ETS No. 5: ETS No. 009, 4: ETS No. 046, 6: ETS No. 114, 7: ETS No. 117, 12: ETS No. 177.
Council of Europe, European Social Charter Turin, , ETS No. 035, 10 October 1961
Council of Europe, European Social Charter: Conclusions XIV-2 - Articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 15 and Articles 1 to 4 of the 1988: Norway.
Council of Europe, Revised European Social Charter, as amended, ETS No. 163. Strasbourg, 3 May 1996.
European Union: Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Communities, C 364, 18 December 2000.
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Journal of Laws 1997, No 78, item 483, as amended.
The Limburg Principles on the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN ESCOR, Commission on Human Rights, Forty-third Sess, Agenda Item 8, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1987/17, Annex (1987).
UN Charter and Statute of the International Court of Justice, signed on 26 June 1945 at the San Francisco Conference.
UN, Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20, UN Doc. No. 27531 November 1989.
UN, Economic and Social Council, Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1984 Siracusa, Italy, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1985/4, Annex.
UN, Human Rights Committee, Case André Brun v. France. Communication No. 1453/2006, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/88/D/1453/2006, Geneve 2006.
UN, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (adopted 16 December 1966; entered into force 23 March 1976), UNTS 999: 171.
UN, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (adopted 16 December 1966; entered into force 3 January 1976), UNTS 993: 3.
UN, The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. E/C.12/2000/13(2000).
UN, Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted 10 December 1948), G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/810 at 71 (1948).
UN, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, May 23, 1969, Vienna, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331, 8 I.L.M. 679.
UN, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, A/CONF.157/23, 12 July 1993.
Judgements
Polish Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of 12th January 2000, sign. P 11/98, Journal of Laws 2000, No 3, item 46, as amended.
ECtHR, Case Bergens Tidende et at. v. Norway, application no. 26132/95.
ECtHR, Case Cha're Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France, application no. 27417/95.
ECtHR, Case Douglas-Williams v. The United Kingdom, application no. No. 56413/00.
ECtHR, Case Dudgeon v. The United Kingdom, application no. 7525/76.
ECtHR, Case Eriksson v. Sweden, application no. 11373/85.
ECtHR, Case Frankowicz v. Poland, application no. 53025/99.
ECtHR, Case Haase v. Germany, application no. 11057/02.
ECtHR, Case Hachette Filipacchi Presse Automobile and Dupuy v. France, application no. 13353/05.
ECtHR, Case Handyside v. The United Kingdom, application no. 5493/72.
ECtHR, Case Hertel v. Switzerland application no. 25181/94.
ECtHR, Case Izci v. Turkey, application no. 42606/05.
ECtHR, Case Jalloh v. Germany, application no. 54810/00.
ECtHR, Case Juppala v. Finland, application no. 18620/03.
ECtHR, Case Laskey, Jaggard i Brown v. The United Kingdom, application no. 21627/93.
ECtHR, Case Magyar Keresztény Mennonita Egyház et al., applications no. 70945/11, 23611/12, 26998/12, 41150/12, 41155/12, 41463/12, 41553/12, 54977/12 i 56581/12.
ECtHR, Case Modinos v. Cyprus, application no. No. 15070/89.
ECtHR, Case Nielsen v. Denmark, application no. 10929/84.
ECtHR, Case Norris v. Irland, application no. No. 10581/83.
ECtHR, Case Olsson v. Sweden, application no. 10465/83.
ECtHR, Case Palusiński v. Poland, application no. 62414/00, LEX No. 195832.
ECtHR, Case Tymoshenko et al. v. Ukraine, application no. 48408/12.
ECtHR, Case v. France, application no. 51346/99.
ECtHR, Case Vergos v. Greece, application no. 65501/01.
Judgment of 12 December 1996, Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America).
Judgment of 31 March 2004, Avena and Other Mexican Nationals.
Tabaszewski, R. K. (2020). The Permissibility of Limiting Rights and Freedoms in the European and National Legal System Due to Health Protection. Review of European and Comparative Law, 42(3), 51–89. https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.6100
Robert Krzysztof Tabaszewski
robert.tabaszewski@kul.pl
Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7737-0056
Faculty of Law, Canon Law and Administration, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7737-0056
